https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hs94.html Recently, many types of circular RNAs have been reported in human cells. One interesting aspect of circular RNAs is their translation into proteins. We previously discovered that circular RNA without a stop codon can be translated into long repeating peptides via rolling-circle translation in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Because the rate-limiting step of translation-ribosome binding-occurs only once in rolling-circle translation, the translation efficacy is very efficient compared to translation of linear mRNAs. However, preparation of circular RNAs involves costly and time-consuming enzymatic methods, and there was no practical non-enzymatic method. We recently reported a chemical synthesis strategy using short RNA fragments and one or two phosphoramidate linkages. In this article, we describe the chemical synthesis and purification methods for preparation of circular RNAs for rolling-circle translation. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1 Synthesis of 3'-amino-modified guanosine controlled-pore glass Basic Protocol 2 Solid-phase synthesis of linear RNA fragments Basic Protocol 3 Chemical synthesis of circular RNAs.Pathogens deploy a wide range of pathogenicity factors, including a plethora of proteases, to modify host tissue or manipulate host defences. Metalloproteases (MPs) have been implicated in virulence in several animal and plant pathogens. Here we investigated the repertoire of MPs in 46 stramenopile species including 37 oomycetes, 5 diatoms, and 4 brown algae. Screening their complete proteomes using hidden Markov models (HMMs) trained for MP detection resulted in over 4,000 MPs, with most species having between 65 and 100 putative MPs. Classification in clans and families according to the MEROPS database showed a highly diverse MP repertoire in each species. Analyses of domain composition, orthologous groups, distribution, and abundance within the stramenopile lineage revealed a few oo