https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cc-99677.html Rutin is a polyphenol with excellent therapeutic potential and good safety profile, but the poor bioavailability restricts its application as a functional ingredient. However, this limitation may be mitigated by encapsulation. In this study, promising prospects of starch nanoparticles (SNPs) produced via ultra-sonication for rutin encapsulation was explored.The rutin encapsulated SNPs prepared from quinoa and maize starch (QR and MR) showed average particle sizes of 107 and 222 nm, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading efficiency (LE) values of 67.4 and 63.1%, 26.6 and 22.7%, zeta potential of - 18.0 and - 18.6 mv, respectively. Structural, physical and thermal properties were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Simulated in vitro digestion showed increased rutin bioavailability with significantly higher (p less then 0.05) in vitro antioxidant activities in QR than MR. Overall, SNPs prepared using ultrasound have potential to encapsulate polyphenols for improved bioavailability.A surface defect sandwich-structural TiO2-x/ultrathin g-C3N4/TiO2-x direct Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst is successfully constructed. The results manifest the existence of oxygen vacancies, sandwich structure and direct Z-scheme heterojunction. Noticeably, TiO2-x/ultrathin g-C3N4/TiO2-x efficiently eliminates high toxic tetracycline hydrochloride by means of·O2-, h+ and·OH, whose removal rate is 87.7% during 90 min and the pseudo-first-order rate constant reaches up to 31.7 min-1 × 10-3. The extraordinary performance can be attributed to the special 3D structure, Z-scheme heterojunction expediting charge transfer and promoting the generation of active species, meanwhile the oxygen vacancies enhancing the spatial separation of photo-induced carriers. Moreover, various environmental factors are syste