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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bms-935177.html Observations of microplastic particles (MPs) in the environment and their detection in the stomachs and intestines of aquatic organisms have been observed routinely over the last 50 years. In this review, the ingestion of plastic debris of varying sizes is collated, including data for >800 species representing approximately 87,000 individual organisms, for which plastic debris and MPs are observed in about 17,500 or 20%. The average of reported MP/individual across all studies is estimated at 4, with studies typically reporting averages ranging between 0 and 10 MP/individual. A general observation is that while strong evidence exists for the biological ingestion of MPs, they do not bioaccumulate and do not appear to be subject to biomagnification as a result of trophic transfer through food webs, with >99% of observations from field-based studies reporting MPs to be located within the gastrointestinal tract. Overall, there is substantial heterogeneity in how samples are collected, processed, analyzed, and reported, causing significant challenges in attempting to assess temporal and spatial trends or in helping to inform mechanistic understanding. Nevertheless, several studies suggest that the characteristics of MPs ingested by organisms is generally representative of plastic debris in the vicinity of where individuals are collected. Monitoring spatial and temporal trends of ingested MPs could thus potentially be useful in assessing mitigation efforts aimed at reducing the emission of plastic and MPs to the environment. The development and application of standardized analytical methods are urgently needed to better understand spatial and temporal trends. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Organoids provide a powerful system to study epithelia in vitro. Recently, this approach was applied successfully to the biliary tree

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