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Nanotechnology provides an excellent platform for the development of a new generation of vaccines. These are based on purified subunit proteins or polysaccharides, recombinant proteins, synthetic peptides, or nucleic acids. These types of vaccines may be insufficiently immunogenic, thus requiring adjuvants that augment their immunogenicity. Nanoparticles (NPs) can act as adjuvants for vaccines, hence they are referred to as a nano-adjuvant (NA). NPs can either encapsulate or adsorb the vaccine antigen or DNA in an appropriate formulation, thus increasing stability, cellular uptake, and immunogenicity. In addition, the biodistribution and systemic release of a vaccine can also be controlled by different NA formulations. This review provides an overview of the classification of NAs and also addresses factors influencing the stability, release, and immunogenicity of the formulated vaccine. A basic understanding of these factors enables a more rational design of NA formulations. Applications of NAs and key challenges in their formulation development are also discussed.Increasing drift in antimicrobial therapy failure against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), and the advent of extended resistant strains strongly demand discovery of mechanisms underlying development of drug resistance. The emergence of resistance against anti-TB drugs has reached an alarming level in various parts of the world, providing an active platform for the design of new targeted drug delivery. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have an important role in controlling TB pathogenesis. At macrophage activation, ROS that are produced inside macrophages directly kill resident bacteria. These ROS possess a dual character because they can kill macrophages along with the resident bacteria. Targeting these ROS can play a remarkable part in overcoming resistance of conventional drugs. Nanoparticles (NPs) have evolved as a potential drug carrier for targeted delivery and elimination of various resistance mechanisms against antimicrobials. Receptor-mediated targeting of macrophages via different NPs may be a promising strategy for combating drug resistance and enhancing efficacy of old-fashioned antimycobacterial agents.Nail psoriasis is a chronic condition which causes pain and functional impairment; thus, it restricts the activities of daily living and worsens the quality of life. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/i-bet-762.html Different chemotherapeutic options are available for treating nail psoriasis such as systemic, intralesional, and topical therapies. However, current chemotherapy suffers from several limitations and to overcome them, new advancements are being made worldwide. Various reports have been published on current progress in the treatment of nail psoriasis such as clinical efficacy studies of novel antipsoriatic agents and novel formulation strategies for current chemotherapy. There are several novel nail formulations for the treatment of nail disorders, particularly onychomycosis, such as vesicular colloidal structure (liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes, ethosomes, etc.) and nonvesicular colloidal structures (nano-emulgel, nanocapsules, thermosensitive gel, etc.) These formulations can also prove beneficial for the treatment of nail psoriasis, and will be heavily explored in the near future. This review provides a brief introduction to the disease, its pathogenesis, and its treatment modalities. The review also throws light onto progress and future perspectives in nail psoriasis treatment.Chemotherapy of cancer is still considered a complex phenomenon given that single chemotherapeutic agents cannot be administered for a long period of time because of the development of drug resistance and severe side effects. Nanodrug delivery systems (NDDSs) such as nanoparticles and liposomes are being investigated to enhance the safety and efficacy of anticancer agents. NDDS-based delivery of a single agent is not found to be effective in long-term anticancer therapy. Codelivery of more than one anticancer agent using liposomes shows great potential since it exhibits simultaneous synergistic therapeutic manifestations at the tumor site and enhances therapeutic efficacy in terms of the low-dose requirement of each agent and diminished side effects. Liposomes are lipid vesicles arranged in concentric bilayers with an aqueous core; they are versatile nanocarriers that accommodate the diverse nature of anticancer drugs (both hydrophobic and hydrophilic) at the same time. They offer a number of advantages for combinatorial drug delivery in terms of increased blood circulation, selective accumulation at tumor tissues, and stimuli responsiveness. Various combination of drugs such as paclitaxel (PTX) and topotecan, sunitinib and irinotecan, and combretastin A-4 and doxorubicin have been reported for cancer chemotherapy using liposomes. This review focuses on recent scenarios of combinatorial drug delivery using liposomes for better chemotherapeutic outcomes. This assemblage can be of great importance to researchers looking for advances in novel drug delivery approaches for better cancer treatment.Shiraia bambusicola strain GDMCC 60438, originally isolated from eastern China, was applied for production of polysaccharides through submerged fermentation with glucose and potato extracts. Compared with a polysaccharide content of 3.94 ± 0.92% in natural Sh. bambusicola stroma, 9.12 ± 0.36 g intracellular polysaccharides (SIP) could be produced in 100 g freeze-dried Sh. bambusicola mycelium after an optimized fermentation. The SIP showed an 88.65 ± 2.26% hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA) at the concentration of 4 mg/mL. It was higher than the 31.48 ± 3.12% HRSA of Sh. bambusicola stroma polysaccharide (SSP). In the meantime, a 5 mg/mL SIP showed an equivalent 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid radical (ABTS+) scavenging activity to ascorbic acid at 0.025 mg/mL. Gel chromatography analysis showed that the SIP had distinct polysaccharide fractions compared with the SSP. Submerged fermentation showed a promising prospect on high production of Sh. bambusicola polysaccharides with improved antioxidant activities.
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