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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CHIR-258.html The capsid (CA) protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an essential structural component of a virion and facilitates many crucial life cycle steps through interactions with host cell factors. Capsid shields the reverse transcription complex from restriction factors while it enables trafficking to the nucleus by hijacking various adaptor proteins, such as FEZ1 and BICD2. In addition, the capsid facilitates the import and localization of the viral complex in the nucleus through interaction with NUP153, NUP358, TNPO3, and CPSF-6. In the later stages of the HIV-1 life cycle, CA plays an essential role in the maturation step as a constituent of the Gag polyprotein. In the final phase of maturation, Gag is cleaved, and CA is released, allowing for the assembly of CA into a fullerene cone, known as the capsid core. The fullerene cone consists of ~250 CA hexamers and 12 CA pentamers and encloses the viral genome and other essential viral proteins for the next round of infection. As research continues to elucidate the role of CA in the HIV-1 life cycle and the importance of the capsid protein becomes more apparent, CA displays potential as a therapeutic target for the development of HIV-1 inhibitors.Mucociliary defense, mediated by the ciliated and goblet cells, is fundamental to respiratory fitness. The concerted action of ciliary movement on the respiratory epithelial surface and the pathogen entrapment function of mucus help to maintain healthy airways. Consequently, genetic or acquired defects in lung defense elicit respiratory diseases and secondary microbial infections that inflict damage on pulmonary function and may even be fatal. Individuals living with chronic and acute respiratory diseases are more susceptible to develop severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) illness and hence should be proficiently managed. In light of the prevailing pandemic, we review the current understanding of the re

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