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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ml162.html We independently manipulated ITD and ILD cues in virtual acoustic space and found that sensitivity to ITD and ILD respectively shaped the directional sensitivity of ICC neurons to low- ( 3 kHz) stimuli, regardless of the neuron's CF. We also found evidence that high-CF neurons transmit information about both the fine-structure and envelope ITD of low-frequency sound. Our results indicate that at conversational sound levels, the majority of the cochleotopic map is engaged in transmitting directional information, even for sources with narrowband spectra.Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most prevalent forms of morbidity in veterans and service members with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most common. The diagnosis of mTBI in veterans is difficult because of mixed etiologies, and high comorbidity with other disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and substance use. Advanced neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) may be useful in identifying neurochemical alterations in TBI, which may aid the development of new targets for therapeutic intervention. Veterans with (n=53) and without a history of TBI (n=26) underwent single-voxel proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 3 Tesla in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) using a two-dimensional (2D) J-resolved point spectroscopy sequence in addition to completing a clinical battery. Increased mI/H2O was observed in the ACC of the TBI group than the non-TBI group, which may be reflective of astrogliosis. Furthermore, the mI/H2O showed a trend towards an inverse relationship with the global assessment of functioning (GAF) scores in the TBI group. Several metabolites in the ACC demonstrated significant associations with TBI variables including number of TBI with loss of consciousness (LOC) and time since most severe TBI, suggesting that changes in some metabolites may be potential diagnostic a

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