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https://www.selleckchem.com/ Angle-of-arrival (AoA) estimation in localized hybrid arrays suffers from phase ambiguity owing to its localized structure and vulnerability to noise. In this letter, we propose a novel phase shift design, allowing each subarray to exploit difference beam steering in two potential AoA directions. This enables the calibration of cross-correlations and an enhanced phase offset estimation between adjacent subarrays. We propose two unambiguous AoA estimation schemes based on the even and odd ratios of the number of antennas per subarray N to the number of different phase shifts per symbol K (i.e., N/K), respectively. The simulation results show that the proposed approach greatly improves the estimation accuracy as compared to the state of the art when the ratio N/K is even.Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, enriched in biomolecular cargo consisting of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which take part in intercellular communication and play a crucial role in both physiologic functions and oncogenesis. Bladder cancer is the most common urinary malignancy and its incidence is steadily rising in developed countries. Despite the high five-year survival in patients diagnosed at early disease stage, survival substantially drops in patients with muscle-invasive or metastatic disease. Therefore, early detection of primary disease as well as recurrence is of paramount importance. The role that exosomal biomarkers could play in bladder cancer patient diagnosis and surveillance, as well as their potential therapeutic applications, has not been extensively studied in this malignancy. In the present review, we summarize all relevant data obtained so far from cell lines, animal models, and patient biofluids and tissues. Current literature suggests that urine is a rich source of extracellular vesicle-derived biomarkers, compared with blood and bladder tissue samples, with potential applications in bladder cancer management. Further studies improving sa

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