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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tak-243-mln243.html trans-Cinnamic acid (CA) is a precursor of many phenylpropanoid compounds, including catechins and aroma compounds, in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves and is derived from l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) deamination. We have discovered an alternative CA formation pathway from l-Phe via phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) and phenyllactic acid (PAA) in tea leaves through stable isotope-labeled precursor tracing and enzyme reaction evidence. Both PPA reductase genes (CsPPARs) involved in the PPA-to-PAA pathway were isolated from tea leaves and functionally characterized in vitro and in vivo. CsPPAR1 and CsPPAR2 transformed PPA into PAA and were both localized in the leaf cell cytoplasm. Rosa hybrida flowers (economic crop flower), Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. fruits (economic crop fruit), and Arabidopsis thaliana leaves (leaf model plant) also contained this alternative CA formation pathway, suggesting that it occurred in most plants, regardless of different tissues and species. These results improve our understanding of CA biosynthesis in tea plants and other plants.Long-term low-temperature conditioning (LT-LTC) decreases apple fruit quality, but the underlying physiological and molecular basis is relatively uncharacterized. We identified 12 clusters of DEGs involved in multiple biological processes (i.e., sugar, malic acid, fatty acid, lipid, complex phytohormone, and stress-response pathways). The expression levels of genes in sugar pathways were correlated with decreasing starch levels during LT-LTC. Specifically, starch synthesis-related genes (e.g., BE, SBE, and GBSS genes) exhibited down-regulated expression, whereas sucrose metabolism-related gene expression levels were up- or down-regulated. The expression levels of genes in the malic acid pathway (ALMT9, AATP1, and AHA2) were up-regulated, as well as the content of malic acid in apple fruit during LT-LTC. A total of 151 metabolites, mainly related to amino acids and thei

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