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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/alpha-conotoxin-gi.html Inconsistent results for hyolaryngeal excursion were reported, as well as for swallowing function. Instructions of the effortful swallow varied greatly across studies. Two of the 23 studies were judged to be of high quality, and the remaining studies were of medium quality based on the quality indicators of this review. Conclusions Biomechanical effects of the effortful swallow included increased pressures in the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal regions. Future investigations should address the effects of the effortful swallow in individuals with dysphagia and its potential role as a rehabilitative maneuver. Moreover, standardization of the effortful swallow instructions based on its physiological and functional effects is essential.Insufficient retention of water in adsorbed salivary conditioning films (SCFs) due to altered saliva secretion can lead to oral dryness (xerostomia). Patients with xerostomia sometimes are given artificial saliva, which often lacks efficacy due to the presence of exogenous molecules with limited lubrication properties. Recombinant supercharged polypeptides (SUPs) improve salivary lubrication by enhancing functionality of endogenously available salivary proteins, which is in stark contrast to administration of exogenous lubrication enhancers. This novel approach is based on establishing a layered architecture enabled by electrostatic bond formation to stabilize and produce robust SCFs in vitro. Here, we first determined the optimal molecular weight of SUPs to achieve the best lubrication performance employing biophysical and in vitro friction measurements. Next, in an ex vivo tongue-enamel friction system, stimulated whole saliva from patients with Sjögren syndrome was tested to transfer this strategy to a pre-clinical situation. Out of a library of genetically engineered cationic polypeptides, the variant SUP K108cys that contains 108 positive charges and two cysteine residues

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