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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/muvalaplin.html To explore the evolution of cracks in the pre-disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone, wetting-drying tests were carried out on nano-CaCO₃ modified pre-disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone samples. The samples were prepared with aqueous solutions of different pH values. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to clarify the mechanism of crack evolution of pre-disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone modified by nano-CaCO₃. The results showed that development of shrinkage and cracks was basically divided into three stages, i.e., the gestation stage, the rapid development stage and the stable stage. For the samples without nano-CaCO₃, the final crack rates and pore sizes of samples with pH = 3 and pH = 11 were larger than corresponding values of the sample with pH= 7. Moreover, final crack rate and pore size significantly decreased with the addition of nano-CaCO₃ suggesting that nano-CaCO₃ can effectively improve cracking resistance of pre-disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone.The photo-reactive activators are highly reactive radical generators upon the ultraviolet (UV) light illumination. The photo-reactive initiators produced nitrogen radical and alkyl radical after releasing carbon dioxide. The radicals could react with polyimide (PI) main chains. These reactions enforced the alignment layers and exhibited high azimuthal anchoring energy. The thickness of photo-irradiated PI alignment layers were reduced dramatically by photo-induced crosslinking, which induced surface wrinkling and roughness. The carbon dioxide gases released from the thin films produced many micro-pores, which provides tight anchoring of liquid crystal (LC) molecules. The azimuthal anchoring energy obtain by photo-alignment was better than that obtain by rubbing method with the same PI. The maximum value was 6.92×10-5 J/m². Small aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as methane and propene, were released during photo-decomposition reaction from the PI surf

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