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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ca-074-methyl-ester.html Metabolic adaptation of pregnant mothers is crucial for placental development and fetal growth/survival. However, evidence exists that indiscriminate consumption of fructose-enriched drink (FED) during pregnancy disrupts maternal-fetal metabolic tolerance with attendant adverse fetal outcomes. Glutamine supplementation (GLN) has been shown to exert a modulatory effect in metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, the effects of GLN on FED-induced poor fetal outcome, and in particular the impacts on placental uric acid/lipid accumulation are unknown. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that oral GLN improves fetal outcome by attenuating placental lipid accumulation and uric acid synthesis in pregnant rats exposed to FED. Pregnant Wistar rats (160-180 g) were randomly allotted to control, GLN, FED and FED + GLN groups (6 rats/group). The groups received vehicle by oral gavage, glutamine (1 g/kg) by oral gavage, fructose (10%; w/v) and fructose + glutamine, respectively, through gestation. Data ctive placental uric acid/triglyceride-dependent mechanism. The findings also suggest that oral GLN improves fetal outcome by ameliorating placental defects through suppression of uric acid/triglyceride accumulation.Recent research has demonstrated that item scores and total scores on depression rating scales exhibit common distribution shapes in a general population. Specifically, responses to depressive symptom items show a proportional relationship between response options, except for the lower end option, whereas total scores exhibit an exponential distribution, except for the lower end of the distribution. The common mathematical distributions of item scores and total scores may help explain the scoring mechanism of a depression rating scale. This paper, therefore, discusses how the distribution shapes are generated. Two conditions are assumed (1) each individual's latent degree of depression forms an

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