Yam Code

New Paste Browse

https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cx-5461.html Chain elongation is a growth-dependent anaerobic metabolism that combines acetate and ethanol into butyrate, hexanoate, and octanoate. While the model microorganism for chain elongation, Clostridium kluyveri, was isolated from a saturated soil sample in the 1940s, chain elongation has remained unexplored in soil environments. During soil fermentative events, simple carboxylates and alcohols can transiently accumulate up to low mM concentrations, suggesting in situ possibility of microbial chain elongation. Here, we examined the occurrence and microbial ecology of chain elongation in four soil types in microcosms and enrichments amended with chain elongation substrates. All soils showed evidence of chain elongation activity with several days of incubation at high (100 mM) and environmentally relevant (2.5 mM) concentrations of acetate and ethanol. Three soils showed substantial activity in soil microcosms with high substrate concentrations, converting 58% or more of the added carbon as acetate and ethanol to butyrate, butanol, and hexanoate. Semi-batch enrichment yielded hexanoate and octanoate as the most elongated products and microbial communities predominated by C. kluyveri and other Firmicutes genera not known to undergo chain elongation. Collectively, these results strongly suggest a niche for chain elongation in anaerobic soils that should not be overlooked in soil microbial ecology studies.Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is thought to be an important driving force for microbial evolution and niche adaptation and has been show in vitro to occur frequently in biofilm communities. However, the extent to which HGT takes place and what functions are being transferred in more complex and natural biofilm systems remains largely unknown. To address this issue, we investigated here HGT and enrichment of gene functions in the biofilm community of the common kelp (macroalgae) Ecklonia radiata in comparison to microbial co

Paste Settings

Paste Title : [Optional]

Paste Folder : [Optional]

Syntax Highlighting : [Optional]

Paste Expiration : [Optional]

Paste Status : [Optional]

Password : [Optional]

Description: [Optional]

Tags: [Optional]

Encrypt Paste (?)

You are currently not logged in, this means you can not edit or delete anything you paste. Sign Up or Login

Paste Settings

Site Languages