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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nobiletin(Hexamethoxyflavone).html Given the importance of acoustic communication in intraspecific recognition during mating activity, acoustic traits have been widely used to clarify the taxonomy of anurans. They have been particularly useful in the study of taxa with high morphological similarity such as the Neotropical genus Physalaemus. Here, we reviewed the acoustic repertoires of the species of Physalaemus based on homology hypotheses in order to make comparisons more properly applicable for taxonomic purposes. We covered all the known clades and species groups for the genus, analyzing 45 species (94 % of the currently recognized taxa). Different call types were labeled with letters (i.e., A, B, and C) to avoid speculative functional propositions for the call types. In order to identify correctly the observed frequency bands, we propose a method to interpret them based on the predicted graphic behavior on audiospectrogram and on the mathematic relationship among bands considering each kind of band production (e.g., harmonics and sidebands). We found different acoustic traits between the major clades P. signifer and P. cuvieri. Species in the P. signifer clade have more than one call type (67 % of species in the clade). Furthermore, all species of this clade have A calls with pulses and/or low fundamental frequency ( 1 s) with ascendant and periodic frequency modulation. Calls of the species in the P. biligonigerus and P. gracilis groups usually have continuous whine-like calls with call envelopes very variable within species. In addition, we describe traits in the genus for the first time, such as complex traits not predicted by simple and linear acoustic models (nonlinear phenomena), and discuss the application of acoustic traits to taxonomy and phylogenetics and morphological constraints of the vocal apparatus that might be related to the different acoustic properties found.Hoplopholcus Kulczyński, 1908 is a genus of rela

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