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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tas4464.html Our study highlights the importance of initial fermentation of complex carbon pools in shaping anoxic sediment microbial communities and reveals niche specialization at the order level for the most important initial degraders in anoxic sediments.To colonize in the digestive tract of animals and humans, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis has to deal with reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by host cells and microbiota. However, an understanding of the ROS-scavenging systems and their regulation in this bacterium remains largely elusive. In this study, we identified OxyR as the master transcriptional regulator mediating cellular responses to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in Y. pseudotuberculosis through genomics and transcriptomics analyses. OxyR activates transcription of diverse genes, especially the core members of its regulon, including those encoding catalases, peroxidases, and thiol reductases. The data also suggest that sulfur species and manganese may play a particular role in the oxidative stress response of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Among the three H2O2-scavenging systems in Y. pseudotuberculosis, catalase/peroxidase KatE functions as the primary scavenger for high levels of H2O2; NADH peroxidase alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpR) and catalase KatG together are responsible for removing low levels of H2O2. The simultaneous loss of both AhpC (the peroxidatic component of AhpR) and KatG results in activation of OxyR. Moreover, we found that AhpC, unlike its well-characterized Escherichia coli counterpart, has little effect on protecting cells against toxicity of organic peroxides. These findings provide not only novel insights into the structural and functional diversity of bacterial H2O2-scavenging systems but also a basic understanding of how Y. pseudotuberculosis copes with oxidative stress.In natural environments, microbial communities must constantly adapt to stressful environmental conditions. The genetic and phenot

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