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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Enzastaurin.html Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) emerged as an epidemic in Africa in 1981, and now it has become a most destructive global pandemic. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is responsible for the pathogenesis of AIDS, and it is usually transmitted through unsafe sexual activities. HIV is a lentivirus that can remain latent in the host cells for a long period, and it has various mechanisms to establish latency. The HIV genome encodes several microRNAs (miRNA-TAR, miRNA-H1, miRNA-H3, and miRNA-Nef-367) that act as posttranscriptional control by targeting mRNA sequences. The miRNA-TAR, miRNA-Nef-367, and miRNA-H1 have established roles in HIV latency, whereas miRNA-H3 can activate the latent reservoirs of HIV. The human genome also encodes several miRNAs that have defensive roles against infections. Cellular miRNAs (miRNA-29a, miRNA-146a, miRNA-34c-5'p, miRNA-186, miRNA-210 and miRNA-222) also contribute to viral latency. The most challenging hurdle in the development of effective HIV therapeutics is viral latency. A complete understanding of latency will enable us to develop efficient therapeutics and to eradicate HIV from the globe.Induction of highly pathogenic hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes chronic hepatitis round the world. This virus is easily prone to developing resistance against antiviral drugs because of two viral polymerases that do not possess the proofreading and overlapping reading frame abilities. There is more than one explanation for how this virus builds up resistance against antiviral drug treatments. Assays are now available to detect HCV-resistant variants, based on phenotypic and genotypic assays, and next generation sequencing. But these assays are of a little value at baseline, because they are not influential enough for making therapeutic decisions in HCV patients. Moreover, HCV monitoring is now an essential part of clinical practice. Special patients, such as those with thalassemia, re

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