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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nutlin-3.html Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant, multisystem disorder that is characterized by cellular and tissue dysplasia in several organs. With the advent of genetic and molecular techniques, mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes were discovered to be responsible for mTOR overactivation, which is the underlying mechanism of pathogenesis. TSC is a highly heterogenous clinical entity with variable presentations and severity of disease. The brain, heart, skin, eyes, kidneys, and lungs are commonly involved in this syndrome, with the neurologic symptoms comprising a significant source of morbidity and mortality. In 2012, the diagnostic criteria were revised by the International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus panel, and genetic testing was incorporated to the guidelines. Early detection of cardiac rhabdomyomas or TSC-associated skin lesions can suggest the diagnosis and underlie the importance of clinical vigilance. Animal studies demonstrated the benefit of using mTOR inhibitors for various symptomtic condition. Ongoing research studies are providing promising leads for developing novel mechanistic strategies to address the pathophysiology of TSC.Background The management of the dura related complications, such as the repairment of dural tears and reconstruction of large dural defects, has still been the most challenging subjects of neurosurgery. Numerous surgical techniques and synthetic or autologous adjuvant materials have been emerged as an adjunct to primary dural closure, which may result in further complications or side effects. Therefore, subcutaneous autologous free adipose tissue graft has been recommended for the protection of the central nervous system and repair restore/reconstruct of the meninges. In addition, human adipose tissue is also a source of multipotent stem cells. However, epidural adipose tissue appears to be more promising than the subcutaneous tissue because of its proximal loca

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