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https://www.selleckchem.com/Proteasome.html We present a comprehensive relativistic quantum-mechanical theory for interaction of a free electron with a bound electron in a model, where the free electron is represented as a finite-size quantum electron wave packet (QEW) and the bound electron is modeled by a quantum two-level system (TLS). The analysis reveals the wave-particle duality nature of the QEW, delineating the point-particle-like and wavelike interaction regimes and manifesting the physical reality of the wave function dimensions when interacting with matter. This QEW size dependence may be used for interrogation and coherent control of superposition states in a TLS and for enhancement of cathodoluminescence and electron energy-loss spectroscopy in electron microscopy.The metric of a spacetime can be greatly simplified if the spacetime is circular. We prove that in generic effective theories of gravity, the spacetime of a stationary, axisymmetric, and asymptotically flat solution must be circular if the solution can be obtained perturbatively from a solution in the general relativity limit. This result applies to a broad class of gravitational theories that include arbitrary scalars and vectors in their light sector, so long as their nonstandard kinetic terms and nonmininal couplings to gravity are treated perturbatively.Here, we introduce and apply non-Abelian tensor Berry connections to topological phases in multiband systems. These gauge connections behave as non-Abelian antisymmetric tensor gauge fields in momentum space and naturally generalize Abelian tensor Berry connections and ordinary non-Abelian (vector) Berry connections. We build these novel gauge fields from momentum-space Higgs fields, which emerge from the degenerate band structure of multiband models. First, we show that the conventional topological invariants of two-dimensional topological insulators and three-dimensional Dirac semimetals can be derived from the winding number associated w

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