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The Stroop test is a well-known model to denote the decline in performance under the incongruent condition, which requires selective attention and control of competitive responses. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy can identify activated brain regions associated with the Stroop interference effect. This research aims to identify the neural correlates associated with the Stroop tasks within the brain activated regions. In this cross sectional study, twelve right-handed healthy controls were investigated by means of a multi-channels fNIRS unit during the execution of the Stroop test. Effective connectivity changes in the prefrontal cortex between Stroop attentional conflict and rest states were calculated using DCM approach to investigate (1) areas known for selective attention and (2) analyze inter-network functional connectivity strength (FCS) by selecting several brain functional networks. The results indicated that an increased activity was recorded in the LDLPFC during incongruent condition, whon under the cognitive paradigms in neurological research and psychotherapy applications. Based on our experience, a noticeable number of migraineurs without history of epilepsy disclose mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) on their brain MRI. This prospective study was conducted to assess the frequency of MTS in migraineurs and also determine the ratio of unilateral and bilateral cases. In this cross sectional study, the frequency of MTS in MRI of 84 migraine patients, who had symptoms for at least 2 years, assessed. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0980-RG7422.html Brain MRI was done with T1 and T2 weighted protocols. Two radiologists separately interpreted findings, defining MTS as presence of any of hippocampal atrophy, increased T2 signal of hippocampus, decreased T1 signal of hippocampus or loss of internal architecture. Patients who radiologists had not agreement on their diagnoses excluded. Stat analysis done using ' - 1' chi squared test. Eleven patients were excluded due to non-accordant interpretation of MRI findings by the two examining radiologists. MTS was detected in 14 out of 73 patients (19%). Bilateral involvement of mesial temporal lobe was seen in 6 (8%) patients (M 67%, F 33%). Five cases (7%) had unilateral left MTS (M 67%, F 33%) while 3 (4%) were affected with right-sided MTS (M 33%, F 67%). These findings highly suggest association of MTS and Migraine (P-value <0.0001). While MTS is a prevalent finding in migraineurs, incidental finding of MTS in MRI should suspect physicians of migraine as well as temporal lobe epilepsy. MTS can be proposed as an etiology of migraine but most likely, consequence of it. While MTS is a prevalent finding in migraineurs, incidental finding of MTS in MRI should suspect physicians of migraine as well as temporal lobe epilepsy. MTS can be proposed as an etiology of migraine but most likely, consequence of it. The relationship between the concentration of contrast agents and signal intensity (SI) are affected by some image parameters, phase-encoding scheme, magnetic field strength, image sequences, and iron oxide nanoparticles used and Gd-DTPA as MRI contrast agents. In this article, the effect of saturation times (TSs) on the maximum and minimum SI, and also the linear relationship between the concentration of the contrast agent and SI are evaluated. Additionally, we evaluated the concentration of contrast agent that results the minimum SI using a saturation recovery TurboFLASH sequence. In this experimental study, a phantom was designed to hold vials with different concentrations of Gd-DTPA (0-19.77mmol/L). The mean SI was acquired from the nine central pixels of every vial at various TSs. This study shows that the maximum SI in an image is dependent on short TSs (up to 400ms) and independent of long TSs (400-1000ms). The result also shows that the concentration at which a maximum linear relationship between concentration and SI is maintained that gave an R equal to 0.95 and 0.99 dependent on the TS. Moreover, the outcome demonstrates that as TS increases, the concentration of the contrast agent decreases. This causes SI to be minimized. This study demonstrated that the TS is a key parameter for measuring the maximum and minimum SI and also TS plays the role in determining the maximum linear relationship between the MRI contrast agent concentration and SI in an perfusion study. This study demonstrated that the TS is a key parameter for measuring the maximum and minimum SI and also TS plays the role in determining the maximum linear relationship between the MRI contrast agent concentration and SI in an in vivo perfusion study. When using low-energy electron beams for the treatment of skin lesions, such as Mycosis Fungoides (MF), a beam spoiler is used to decrease electron therapeutic depth (R ) while increasing the surface dose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of a 5 MeV electron beam when using a spoiler for the local treatment of MF skin lesions by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. In this experimental study, a Siemens Primus treatment head and an acrylic spoiler, positioned at the end of applicator, were simulated using BEAMnrc, an EGSnrc user code. The modelled beam was validated by measurement using MP3-M water tank, Roos parallel plate chamber and Semi flex Chamber-31013 (all from PTW, Freiburg, Germany). For different spoiler thicknesses, dose distributions in water were calculated for 2 field sizes and were compared to those for the corresponding open fields. For a 1.3 cm spoiler, therapeutic range changed from 1.5 cm (open field) to 0.5 cm and 0.4 cm for 10 × 10 cm and 20 × 20 cm field sizes, respectively. Maximum increase in penumbra width was 2.8 and 3.8 cm for 10 × 10 cm and 20 × 20 cm field sizes, respectively. Maximum increase in bremsstrahlung contamination was %2 in both field sizes. R decreased exponentially with increase in spoiler thickness. The effect of field size on penumbra was much larger for spoiled beam compared to the open beam. The results of this research can be applied to optimize the radiation treatment of MF patients in our hospital. R90 decreased exponentially with increase in spoiler thickness. The effect of field size on penumbra was much larger for spoiled beam compared to the open beam. The results of this research can be applied to optimize the radiation treatment of MF patients in our hospital.
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