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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/caerulein.html Intertidal bivalves are periodically exposed in air. It is tempting to speculate that the organisms would temporarily escape from contaminants when they are out of water and thus have lower risks. In this study, we tested this speculation by investigating cadmium (Cd) toxicokinetics in an intertidal mussel, Xenostrobus atratus, under the effects of tidal exposure using simulated tidal regimes. The uptake rate constant (ku) of Cd ranged from 0.045 L g-1 d-1 to 0.109 L g-1 d-1, whereas the elimination rate constant (ke) of Cd ranged from 0.029 d-1 to 0.091 d-1. Cd bioaccumulation was slightly higher in the continuously immersed mussels than the alternately immersed mussels, but much lower than what would be expected if assuming bioaccumulation being proportional to immersion duration. Cd uptake was observed even when mussels were exposed in air, due to uptake of Cd dissolved in mantle cavity fluid and internalization of Cd adsorbed on mussel tissues. Overall, tidal height showed limited effects on Cd bioaccumulation, consistent with the trend of Cd concentrations found in X. atratus collected from different tidal heights. The mantle cavity uptake mechanism is expected to be applicable to other contaminants and bivalves, and should have important implications in risk assessments for intertidal environment. This work aims to study the pseudo-total content, geochemical fractions, and species of arsenic (As) in the bulk soil and in the coarse and fine particles of top soil and soil profiles collected from active and abandoned gold mine spoils in Ghana. The human health risk for adults (male and female) and children has been assessed. To achieve our aims, we collected 51 samples, characterized them, determined the total As content, and sequentially extracted the geochemical fractions of As including water-soluble and un-specifically bound As (FI); specific-sorbed/exchangeable As (FII); poorly (FIII)- and well-crystalline

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