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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/inf195.html Pectins represent one of the main components of the plant primary cell wall. These polymers have critical roles in cell expansion, cell-cell adhesion and response to biotic stress. We present a comprehensive screening of pectin architecture of the unicellular streptophyte, Penium margaritaceum. Penium possesses a distinct cell wall whose outer layer consists of a lattice of pectin-rich fibers and projections. In this study, cells were exposed to a variety of physical, chemical and enzymatic treatments that directly affect the cell wall, especially the pectin lattice. Correlative analyses of pectin lattice perturbation using field emission scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that pectin lattice microarchitecture is both highly sensitive and malleable.The tolerance of photosynthesis to strong light increases in photosynthetic organisms during acclimation to strong light. We investigated the role of carotenoids in the protection of photosystem II (PSII) from photoinhibition after acclimation to strong light in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. In cells that had been grown under strong light at 1,000 μmol photons m-2 s-1 (SL), specific carotenoids, namely, zeaxanthin, echinenone, and myxoxanthophyll, accumulated at high levels, and the photoinhibition of PSII was less marked than in cells that had been grown under standard growth light at 70 μmol photons m-2 s-1 (GL). The rate of photodamage to PSII, as monitored in the presence of lincomycin, did not differ between cells grown under SL and GL, suggesting that the mitigation of photoinhibition after acclimation to SL might be attributable to the enhanced ability to repair PSII. When cells grown under GL were transferred to SL, the mitigation of photoinhibition of PSII occurred in two distinct stages a first stage that lasted 4 h and the second stage that occurred after 8 h. During

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