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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/trometamol.html BACKGROUND Recent studies indicate that standard doses of hypnotics reduce or do not change the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) or pharyngeal muscle activity. A 1-month trial of nightly zopiclone (7.5mg) modestly reduced the AHI versus baseline without changing other sleep parameters or next-day sleepiness. RESEARCH QUESTION This study aimed to determine the effects of high-dose zopiclone (15mg) on AHI, arousal threshold, genioglossus muscle responsiveness and next-day alertness in selected people with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (low-moderate arousal thresholds without major overnight hypoxemia). We hypothesised that high-dose zopiclone would yield greater increases in arousal threshold and therefore larger reductions in AHI but may come at the expense of increased hypoxemia and next-day impairment. STUDY DESIGN and methods 28 participants (AHI=29±20events/h) suspected to have low-moderate arousal thresholds were studied during two in-laboratory polysomnographies, separated by 1-week, with an epiglottic pressure catheter and genioglossus intramuscular electrodes. Participants received 15mg of zopiclone or placebo at each visit according to a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design. Each morning subjective sleepiness and alertness via a driving simulator task were assessed. RESULTS The AHI did not change from placebo to zopiclone (-1.5events/h, 95% CI -6.6, 3.5events/h; p=0.54). Arousal threshold, genioglossus muscle responsiveness and most other sleep parameters and measures of next-day sleepiness and alertness also did not change with zopiclone. INTERPRETATION A single night of treatment with high-dose zopiclone does not systematically reduce the AHI or increase the arousal threshold in selected people with OSA. The mechanisms for these unexpected findings require further investigation. The current work coupled simultaneous sulfide and nitrate removal in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). The substrate removal and el

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