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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lji308.html Objective To identify the effect of glutathione (GSH) on cell survival in a novel in vitro model of itraconazole (ITZ)-associated hepatotoxicity using canine primary hepatocytes. Sample Commercially sourced, cryopreserved male dog (Beagle) primary hepatocytes from a single donor. Procedures Using a sandwich culture technique, canine primary hepatocytes were exposed to serial dilutions of ITZ. Calcein AM, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and neutral red were investigated as potential cell viability assays. Hepatocytes were then pre-incubated with GSH, exposed to serial dilutions of ITZ, and cell viability determined at 4 and 24 h post-ITZ exposure. Each condition was performed in technical triplicate and the effect of time, GSH concentration, and ITZ concentration on % cytotoxicity assessed using a multivariate linear regression model. Tukey's post-hoc test was used to detect individual differences. Results The neutral red cell cytotoxicity assay was chosen based on its superior ability to detect dose-dependent changes in viability. Hepatocyte cytotoxicity significantly increased with ITZ concentration (P less then 0.001) and time (P = 0.004) and significantly decreased with GSH treatment (P less then 0.001). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance This in vitro model demonstrates dose- and time-dependent ITZ-induced cytotoxicity, which is similar to clinical changes observed in canine patients and in in vivo rodent studies. Pre-treating with GSH is protective against in vitro cell death. These results suggest that GSH precursors may have a role in the management or prevention of ITZ-associated hepatotoxicity in dogs. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate their utility for this adverse drug reaction.The ecology and host feeding patterns of many soft ticks (Ixodida Argasidae) remain poorly understood. To address soft tick-host feeding associations, we fed Ornithodoros turicata Dugès on mu

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