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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/doxycycline.html Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal pollutant that adversely effects the kidney. Oxidative stress and inflammation are likely major mechanisms of Cd-induced kidney injury. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is crucial in regulating antioxidant and inflammatory responses. To investigate the role of Nrf2 in the development of subacute Cd-induced renal injury, we utilized Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-KO) and control mice (Nrf2-WT) which were given cadmium chloride (CdCl2, 1 or 2 mg/kg i.p.) once daily for 7 days. While subacute CdCl2 exposure induced kidney injury in a dose-dependent manner, after the higher Cd dosage exposure, Nrf2-KO mice showed elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels compared to control. In line with the findings, the renal tubule injury caused by 2 mg Cd/kg, but not lower dosage, in Nrf2-KO mice determined by Periodic acid-Schiff staining was more serious than that in control mice. Further mechanistic studies showed that Nrf2-KO mice had more apoptotic cells and severe oxidative stress and inflammation in the renal tubules in response to Cd exposures. Although there were no significant differences in Cd contents of tissues between Cd-exposed Nrf2-WT and Nrf2-KO mice, the mRNA expression of Nrf2 downstream genes, including heme oxygenase 1 and metallothionein 1, were significantly less induced by Cd exposures in the kidney of Nrf2-KO compared with Nrf2-WT mice. In conclusion, Nrf2-deficient mice are more sensitive to kidney injury induced by subacute Cd exposure due to a muted antioxidant response, as well as a likely diminished production of specific Cd detoxification metallothioneins.Systemic increased inflammatory mediators' levels are a hallmark in a plethora of pathological conditions, including thrombotic diseases as the envenomation by Bothrops lanceolatus snake. Multiple organ infarctions, which are not prevented by anticoag

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