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The main symptoms of fibromyalgia comprise diffuse pain, disability, depressive symptoms, catastrophizing, sleep disruption and fatigue, associated with dysfunction of the descending pain-modulating system (DPMS). We aimed to identify patterns of main symptoms of fibromyalgia and neuroplasticity biomarkers (i.e. brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and S100B protein) in non-responders to the conditioned pain modulation task (CPM-task) induced by immersion of hand in cold water (0-1°C). Furthermore, we evaluated if these patterns predict responsiveness to CPM-task. This cross-sectional study included 117 women with fibromyalgia (( = 60) non-responders and ( = 57) responders), with age ranging from 30 to 65 years old. We analysed changes in numerical pain scale (NPS-10) during the CPM-task using a standardized protocol. A hierarchical multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to construct a propensity score-adjusted index to identify non-responders compared to responders to CPM-task. The following variables were retained in the models analgesic use four or more times per week, heat pain threshold (HPT), poor sleep quality, pain catastrophizing, serum levels of BDNF, number of psychiatric diagnoses and the impact of symptoms of fibromyalgia on quality of life. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis showed non-responders can be discriminated from responders by a composite index of more frequent symptoms of fibromyalgia and neuroplasticity markers (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.83, sensitivity = 100% and specificity = 98%). Patterns of fibromyalgia symptoms and neuroplasticity markers may be helpful to predict responsiveness to the CPM-task which might help personalize treatment and thereby contribute to the care of patients with fibromyalgia. Patterns of fibromyalgia symptoms and neuroplasticity markers may be helpful to predict responsiveness to the CPM-task which might help personalize treatment and thereby contribute to the care of patients with fibromyalgia. The hallmark of sickle cell disease (SCD) is acute and chronic pain, and the pain dominates the clinical characteristics of SCD patients. Although pharmacological treatments of SCD targeting the disease mechanisms have been improved, many SCD patients suffer from pain. To overcome the pain of the disease, there have been renewed requirements to understand the novel molecular mechanisms of the pain in SCD. We concisely summarized the molecular mechanisms of SCD-related acute and chronic pain, focusing on potential drug targets to treat pain. Acute pain of SCD is caused by vaso-occulusive crisis (VOC), impaired oxygen supply or infarction-reperfusion tissue injuries. In VOC, inflammatory cytokines include tryptase activate nociceptors and transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1. In tissue injury, the secondary inflammatory response is triggered and causes further tissue injuries. Tissue injury generates cytokines and pain mediators including bradykinin, and they activate nociceptive afferent nerves and trigger pain. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/NVP-AUY922.html The main causes of chronic pain are from extended hyperalgesia after a VOC and central sensitization. Neuropathic pain could be due to central or peripheral nerve injury, and protein kinase C might be associated with the pain. In central sensitization, neuroplasticity in the brain and the activation of glial cells may be related with the pain. In this review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms of SCD-related acute and chronic pain. The novel treatments targeting the disease mechanisms would interrupt complications of SCD and reduce the pain of the SCD patients. In this review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms of SCD-related acute and chronic pain. The novel treatments targeting the disease mechanisms would interrupt complications of SCD and reduce the pain of the SCD patients. The trigeminal nerve theory has been proposed as a pathophysiological mechanism of migraine; however, its association with the triggers of migraine remains unclear. Cervical disability such as neck pain and restricted cervical rotation, have been associated with not only cervicogenic headaches but also migraine. The presence of cervical disability could worsen of the migraine, and also the response to pharmacologic treatment may be reduced. The aim in this review is to highlight the involvement of cervical disability in migraine, considering contributing factors. In recent years, evidence of neck pain complaints in migraine has been increasing. In addition, there is some recent evidence of cervical musculoskeletal impairments in migraine, as detected by physical assessment. However, the main question of whether neck pain or an associated cervical disability can act as an initial factor leading to migraine attacks still remains. Daily life imposes heavy loads on cervical structures (i.e. muscles, joints and ligaments), for instance, in the forward head position. The repetitive nociceptive stimulation initiating those cervical skeletal muscle positions may amplify the susceptibility to central migraine and contribute to chronicity via the trigeminal cervical complex. Further studies are needed to explain the association between cervical disability as a source of pain and the development of migraine. However, evidence suggests that cervical disability needs to be considered in the prevention and treatment of migraine. Further studies are needed to explain the association between cervical disability as a source of pain and the development of migraine. However, evidence suggests that cervical disability needs to be considered in the prevention and treatment of migraine. People with chronic pain often seek support from friends and family for everyday tasks. These individuals are termed informal caregivers. There remains uncertainty regarding the lived experiences of these people who care for individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain. The aim of this article is to synthase the evidence on the lived experiences of informal caregivers providing care to people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. A systematic literature review was undertaken of published and unpublished literature databases including EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, the WHO International Clinical Trial Registry and ClinicalTrials.gov registry (to September 2019). Qualitative studies exploring the lived experiences of informal caregivers of people with chronic musculoskeletal pain were included. Data were synthesised using a meta-ethnography approach. Evidence was evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative appraisal tool. From 534 citations, 10 studies were eligible (360 participants 171 informal caregivers of 189 care recipients).
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