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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/thiamet-g.html Tobacco smoke is the major risk factor for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Viral infection is a major cause of COPD exacerbation, which lacks effective drug treatments. In the present study, to mimic the pathogenesis of COPD, we employed a TLR3 ligand [Poly (IC), PIC] to mimic viral infection to determine whether it enhances the effects of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced airway inflammation and remodeling. Our results showed that PIC enhanced the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA expression and remodeling factor E-cadherin, α-SMA and TGF-β1 mRNA expression with TLR3 upregulation and EGFR phosphorylation in pulmonary epithelial NCI-H292 cells. These responses were inhibited by a TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitor (TLR3i) or a tyrosine kinase inhibitor icotinib (Ico). Similarly, in the PIC-enhanced CS-induced airway inflammation and remodeling mouse model, treatment with TLR3i or Ico reduced the mRNA and protein expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and the remodeling factors α-SMA, TGF-β1, MMP-9 and MUC5AC, while increasing E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, we found that TLRi and Ico can attenuate the airway hyperreactivity induced by PIC, which is enhanced by CS. Finally, PIC enhanced the effects of CS on TLR3 upregulation and EGFR phosphorylation and significantly increased Erk1/2 and P38 phosphorylation, whereas TLR3i and Ico markedly suppressed TLR3 upregulation and EGFR, Erk1/2 and P38 phosphorylation in the model. Our findings suggest that TLR3/EGFR may be a potential target for the treatment of airway inflammation and remodeling in COPD.In this perspective, we propose to leverage reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction as a potential therapeutic measure against viral infections. Our rationale for targeting RNA viral infections by pro-oxidants is routed on

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