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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-869.html 0001); neutrophil reactive oxygen species production in individuals with APF was double that observed in those without APF (P less then 0.0001). OV-infected neutrophils had elevated CD11b expression and greater phagocytic capacity, which was even three-fold higher in those with advanced periductal fibrosis (P less then 0.0001). This "activated" phenotype of circulating neutrophils was further confirmed by the observation that isolated neutrophils had delayed apoptosis ex vivo. We believe this is the first study to show that circulating blood neutrophil function is enhanced following OV infection and is more activated in those with advanced periductal fibrosis. We propose that this activated phenotype could contribute to the pathology of liver disease. These data support the hypothesis of an activated innate inflammatory phenotype following OV infection and provide the first evidence for involvement of neutrophils in disease pathology. Fasciolosis, caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, is a globally distributed zoonotic disease of livestock. While F. hepatica and F. gigantica have temperate and tropical distributions, respectively, parasite sympatry occurs in parts of Asia and Africa. A growing protein demand has the potential to facilitate the translocation of parasites from endemic to non-endemic areas, via associated international livestock movements. Such is the case in Southeast Asia, where livestock trade from F. hepatica-endemic countries into China and Vietnam may account for detection of F. hepatica hybrid/introgressed forms. Of particular importance is Lao People's Democratic Republic, which acts as a major livestock thoroughfare for the region. Our ability to understand the impacts of livestock-associated Fasciola spp. movements on local animal and human health is hindered by a lack of ante-mortem diagnostic tools allowing species differentiation. Molecular tools have been developed for Fascio

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