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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html The fungal pathogen, Alternaria alternata is responsible for causing leaf spot disease in many plants, including chili pepper. Zinc (Zn) an essential micronutrient for plant growth, also increases resistance in plants against diseases, and also acts as an antifungal agent. Here, in vitro effects of ZnSO4 on the propagation of A. alternata were investigated, and also in vivo, the effect of foliar application of ZnSO4 was investigated in chili pepper plants under disease stress. In vitro, ZnSO4 inhibited fungal growth in a dose-dependent manner, with complete inhibition being observed at the concentration of 8.50 mM. Hyphae and conidial damage were observed along with abnormal activity of antioxidant enzymes, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the major changes in the protein structure of the fungal biomass after Zn accumulation. In vivo, pathogen infection caused the highest leaf spot disease incidence, and cumulative disease index, which resulted in a significant reduction in the plant's growth (length and biomass), and physiochemical traits (photosynthetic pigment, activity of catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase). The heat map and principal component analysis based on disease, growth and, physico-chemical variables generated useful information regarding the best treatment useful for disease management. Foliar Zn (0.036 mM) acted as a resistance inducer in chili pepper plants that improved activities of antioxidants (CAT and POX), and defense compounds (PPO and PAL), while managing 77% of disease. The study indicated foliar ZnSO4 as an effective and sustainable agriculture practice to manage Alternaria leaf spot disease in chili pepper plants.Walnut is a popular nut tree species and usually suffers from drought stress. However, little information is available on the mechanism of walnut responding to drought stress, resulting in lack of basic unde

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