https://www.selleckchem.com/ ould be given to factors that have been shown to enhance the beneficial effects of abstinence, such as mood enhancement. This study aimed to assess the subjective and objective cystoscopy skills of gynecology residents before and after implementation of a comprehensive simulation curriculum. Residents in an obstetrics/gynecology program at a single academic institution participated in a 6-week cystoscopy simulation course. Residents attended an initial orientation and didactic presentation, and then weekly 20- to 30-minute training sessions using a water balloon model and a virtual reality simulator. Pretesting and posttesting were performed, including (1) subjective self-assessments, (2) a written quiz, and (3) objective structured assessment of technical skills. Paired t test was used to assess the differences in residents' objective assessment scores before and after simulation training. A total of 16 residents were recruited. Residents reported significant subjective improvements in comfort, confidence, and proficiency in performing cystoscopy after completing the curriculum. Their overall objective assessment improvels. Although universal cystoscopy at the time of hysterectomy for benign indications remains controversial, cystoscopy simulation should remain an important part of resident training. Craniopharyngioma is a relatively common congenital intracranial tumour for children. But only few available studies focused on the endocrine evaluation before diagnosis and post-operative endocrine evaluations of children with craniopharyngioma. This study aims to aid in the early diagnosis of craniopharyngioma (CP) and follow-up post-operative children suffered from craniopharyngioma. Craniopharyngioma patients, as the CP group (n = 50), and healthy children, as the control group (n = 30), the symptoms and pituitary hormone levels were reviewed and investigated. The pre-operative levels of peak of GH, IGF-1, FT4, ACTH, COR and PRL of CP p