Following consideration of differential diagnoses according to age groups, it is proposed that most exanthems can be distinguished by the distribution and morphology of the rash. Other diagnostic considerations include associated symptoms and diagnostic tests if applicable.
  This article is the third in a commissioned series on paediatric orthopaedics. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) encompasses the pathological spectrum of hip instability that produces subluxation or dislocation and radiological features of abnormal acetabular development. It is important to approach DDH with sound prior knowledge to recognise, diagnose and manage its variety of presentations.
 
  The aim of this article is to summarise contemporary practice in DDH with anemphasis on recent changes in diagnosis, surveillance and treatment recommendations for general practitioners (GPs), who see infants andtoddlers in practice.
 
  The management of DDH requires accurate diagnosis of the pathoanatomy and depends on the age of the child. GPs are essential for the early detection of DDH, which then allows for harnessing of the remodelling potential of the hip cartilaginous anlage to achieve a stable and mature hip. GPs also play an important part in surveillance, and this article provides an update on the pivotal points.
 The management of DDH requires accurate diagnosis of the pathoanatomy and depends on the age of the child. GPs are essential for the early detection of DDH, which then allows for harnessing of the remodelling potential of the hip cartilaginous anlage to achieve a stable and mature hip. GPs also play an important part in surveillance, and this article provides an update on the pivotal points.
  Urethral strictures have affected men formillennia, and they are commonly iatrogenic, idiopathic or traumatic in nature. When left untreated, urethral strictures can devastate the health andfunction of the urinary tract. For centuries, simple urethral dilation and endoscopic urethrotomy have provided temporary relief. However, in only the past 20 years, urethroplasty has emerged as a curative treatment.
 
  The aims of this article are to review the aetiology and clinical manifestations of urethral strictures, evaluate the traditional but temporising treatments for urethral strictures, highlight the relatively recent evolution of urethroplasty and promote awareness of the success of urethroplasty in curing urethral strictures.
 
  Urethral strictures are an important, but often overlooked, cause of bothersome urinary symptoms in men. In this article, the authors provide a summary of the aetiology, clinical manifestations and recent trends in the management of urethral strictures.
 Urethral strictures are an important, but often overlooked, cause of bothersome urinary symptoms in men. In this article, the authors provide a summary of the aetiology, clinical manifestations and recent trends in the management of urethral strictures.
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a majorhealth concern in Australia, with a prevalence of 9% among non-Indigenous adult Australians and 18% among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. CKD is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, kidney failure andother complications.
 
  The aim of this article is to outline recent advances in CKD pathophysiology and management, focusing on strategies forslowing disease progression and preventing cardiovascular and other complications.
 
  All patients with CKD benefit from a healthy lifestyle including regular physical activity, avoiding smoking and obesity, and limiting sodium intake. Nephrotoxic medications and other risk factors for acute kidney injury should be avoided. Treatment of the underlying pathology isimportant, along with control of hypertension, reduction in albuminuria (if present) and treatment of dyslipidaemia. Patients with renal anaemia, mineral and bone disorder, or advanced disease should normally be cared for in partnership with a nephrologist.
 All patients with CKD benefit from a healthy lifestyle including regular physical activity, avoiding smoking and obesity, and limiting sodium intake. Nephrotoxic medications and other risk factors for acute kidney injury should be avoided. Treatment of the underlying pathology is important, along with control of hypertension, reduction in albuminuria (if present) and treatment of dyslipidaemia. Patients with renal anaemia, mineral and bone disorder, or advanced disease should normally be cared for in partnership with a nephrologist.
  Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) and recurrent cystitis symptoms without infection occur commonly in women and present frequently in general practice.
 
  The aim of this article is to provide amanagement approach to the assessment and treatment of recurrent cystitis symptoms in women with rUTIs as well as women who have negative urine cultures.
 
  Five common clinical scenarios are discussed with different approaches to treatment true rUTIs with positive urine cultures, women with variable urine cultures (some positive and some negative), women with negative urine cultures who have pyuria +/- haematuria, women with completely normal urine cultures and women with ongoing symptoms after a definite UTI. Red flags signalling the need for early referral to aurologist for further assessment are discussed. Both non-antibiotic and antibiotic-related strategies to treat women with rUTIs are available.
 Five common clinical scenarios are discussed with different approaches to treatment true rUTIs with positive urine cultures, women with variable urine cultures (some positive and some negative), women with negative urine cultures who have pyuria +/- haematuria, women with completely normal urine cultures and women with ongoing symptoms after a definite UTI. Red flags signalling the need for early referral to a urologist for further assessment are discussed. Both non-antibiotic and antibiotic-related strategies to treat women with rUTIs are available.
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly prevalent in Australia's ageing population. Over the past decade, there has been growing recognition that dialysis does not benefit every patient with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Decitabine.html  Patients with advanced age, significant comorbidities and poor functional status may not gain a survival benefit with dialysis when compared with being managed conservatively. These developments have implications forgeneral practitioners (GPs). A further development has been the emergence ofrenal supportive care, a patient-centred approach that integrates the principles of palliative care into nephrology.
 
  The aim of this article is to outline salient aspects in the care of patients with ESKD.
 
  Salient aspects throughout the trajectory of ESKD are discussed, including symptoms of CKD, relevant management, prognostication, advance care planning discussions and end-of-life care. The role of the GP is vital, and it is recommended that GPs are involved early in a patient's CKD trajectory.