The impact of secondary polysaccharide, i.e., low methoxyl pectin (LMP) or κ-carrageenan (KC), and its concentration (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%) on particle size, shape, morphological, textural properties and swelling behavior of sodium alginate (ALG)- based double-network hydrogel particles, as well as the viability of encapsulated probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in simulated sequential gastrointestinal (GI) digestion was investigated. We found the addition of LMP impaired the sphericity of double-network hydrogel particles, while the incorporation of KC increased the particle size. The FT-IR results indicated the miscibility and cross-linking capacity of the two polysaccharides in forming double-network hydrogel particles. With respect to the swelling behavior in simulated GI digestion, all hydrogel particles shrank in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) but swelled in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Among the two types of double-networking, ALG-KC hydrogel particles showed noticeable shrank in SGF in conjunction with the reduced swelling in SIF, which was unfavorable for protection and the controlled release of probiotics. In the case of death rate of encapsulated LGG, the presence of LMP at a lower level (0.2 or 0.4%) exhibited protective effect against LGG death during the sequential GI digestion, while addition of KC demonstrated an opposite role.Integrated fractionation process based on autohydrolysis (H) and subsequent formic acid delignification (FAD) has been considered as an effective strategy to separate the main lignocellulosic components in view of the biorefinery. For the better understanding of the structural changes of the lignin during the integrated process, the fractionated aspen lignins were thoroughly characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT IR), 13C, two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence (2D-HSQC) and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Compared to the milled wood lignin (MWL), the fractionated lignins had higher amounts of phenolic OH groups as due to the cleavage of β-O-4 linkages and less alcoholic OH groups mainly due to the esterification of the aliphatic OH groups by formic acid. Demethylation action of the lignin was not significant during the FAD process. More syringyl-propane (S) units were extracted during the H-FAD process than guaiacyl-propane (G) units resulting in a higher S/G ratio and more OCH3 in the fractionated lignins. Furthermore, autohydrolysis of aspen at higher temperature led to more condensation of the fractionated lignins which exhibited higher molecular weight and more β-5 and β-β linkages. The fractionated lignins exhibited high purities due to the breakage of the lignin-carbohydrate bonds.The post-translational modification of proteins by nonenzymatic glycation (NEG) and the accumulation of AGEs are the two underlying factors associated with the long-term pathogenesis in diabetes. Glyoxal (GO) is a reactive intermediate which has the ability to modify proteins and generate AGEs at a faster rate. Human serum albumin (HSA) being the most abundant serum protein has a higher chance to be modified by NEG. The key objective of the present study is to investigate the potency of chrysin and luteolin as antiglycating and antifibrillating agents in the GO-mediated glycation and fibril formation of HSA. AGEs formation were confirmed from the absorption and fluorescence spectral measurements. Both the flavonoids were able to quench the AGEs fluorescence intensity in vitro indicating the antiglycating nature of the molecules. The formation of fibrils in the GO-modified HSA was confirmed by the Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay and the flavonoids were found to exihibit the antifibrillation properties in vitro. Docking results suggested that both the flavonoids interact with various amino acid residues of subdomain IIA including glycation prone lysines and arginines via non-covalent forces and further stabilized the structure of HSA, which further explains their mechanisms of action as antiglycating and antifibrillating agents.This work was done to optimize the drug delivery system based on N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) and carboxylate-containing cellulose derivatives, as well as assessment the effective role of organic and inorganic cross-linkers for controlling release of ciprofloxacin (CPX) drug. Organic crosslinking of oxidized cellulose nanoparticle or CMC with TMC for preparing the hydrogel and their CPX drug loading were characterized by FTIR, swelling behaviour, DSC and SEM. Parallel tests were carried out on using Cu (II) ions as inorganic cross-linker. The FTIR and DSC data confirmed the formation of crosslinked delivery systems incorporated with CPX drug and candidate the TMC-CMC as the most stable delivery system. The SEM micrographs evidence the compatibility of cross-linked delivery systems with the incorporated of CPX drug through the hydrogel matrix. In vitro drug release study showed the effectiveness of organic crosslinking of TMC with CMC and OC to control the release of CPX than TMC, individually.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sulbactam-pivoxil.html  Sustained and controlled drug releases were observed for organic crosslinked CMC (TMC-CMC) with maximum release (~75%) exceeded the TMC-OC and inorganic crosslinked CMC (Cu (II)-CMC). The release kinetics of all examined hydrogels followed Ritger-Peppas and Higuchi models, that indicating Fickian and the release of CPX was primarily controlled by diffusion process. The cell viability of human normal fibroplast cell line (BJ1) was positively correlated with the type of cellulose derivative-hydrogels and crosslinker. The TMC-CMC was recommended as promising safety and control drug release hydrogel.Scientific advances in nanotechnology and nanoscience have enabled stability optimization and signal amplification in immunoassays by taking advantage of unique properties of nanomaterials. Biosensors based on antibodies and their fragments, also called immunosensors, are compact tools capable of providing refined antigen detection capacity. Different immunoassays that utilize these molecules for biorecognition have been used as diagnostic tools. In this regard, camelid single domain antibodies fulfill several requirements, such as nanometric size, high affinity, specificity, solubility, stability, biotechnological versatility, and low cost of production, constituting an important source for the development of immunodiagnostic devices. In this review, the main technological advances involving this specific class of molecules, as well as their major biotechnological applications will be addressed, with emphasis on their use as biosensors applied to diagnostics in human health.