To assess hearing outcomes and complications of endoscopic stapes surgery by a single surgeon in a 10-year period, to compare these data with conventional microscopic procedures by the same operator, and to describe the learning curve of endoscopic stapedotomy. Retrospective study. This is a retrospective study on patients who underwent endoscopic stapes surgery performed by the same senior surgeon, experienced both in microscopic and endoscopic techniques, between January 2009 and December 2018. Audiological data were compared, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were collected. The surgeon's last 30 cases of microscopic stapedotomy were enrolled as the control group. The results of the first 100 endoscopic stapes surgeries were analyzed separately to create a cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart for learning curve assessment. One hundred seventy-eight endoscopic and 30 microscopic stapes surgeries were included. In the endoscopic group, the mean postoperative air-bone gap was 8.2 dB. No significant differences between the endoscopic and microscopic preoperative and postoperative values were reported. A total of eight complications (4.5%) were observed in the endoscopic cohort, although in the control group, no complication occurred. The mean surgical time was 51.9 minutes in the endoscopic group versus 48.2 minutes in the microscopic group (P > .05). No association between stapedotomy success and the increasing number of procedures was found. Our article demonstrates that functional results from endoscopic stapes surgery are similar to those from microscopic stapes surgery in terms of both safety and efficacy. After gaining endoscopic experience, the surgical duration of stapes surgery will be adequate starting from the first cases. 4 Laryngoscope, 131885-891, 2021. 4 Laryngoscope, 131885-891, 2021. Diabetes mellitus (DM), one of the commonest worldwide metabolic conditions, recognized to persuade oxidant/antioxidant discrepancies. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/zeocin.html Sitagliptin is an oral anti-hyperglycemic remedy that blocks dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). Rutin is a polyphenolic natural flavonoid which owns antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity. The aim of the present work is to elucidate the concomitant effect of Sitagliptin and rutin on the deleterious alterations in the liver of experimentally induced diabetes in rats. 50 adult male albino rats, weighing 170-200 g were used. Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10). Group 1 (control group), the other 4 groups (Groups II, III, IV and V) received a single i.p. injection of STZ, 65 mgKg-1 body weight to induce diabetes; group II (diabetic), group III (diabetic and rutin administered), group IV (diabetic and sitagliptin administered), and group V (diabetic with sitagliptin and rutin concomitantly administered). H&E, masson trichrome, PAS, immune-histochemical; α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), histomorphometric analysis, liver enzymes and oxidatants / anti-oxidatants; malondialdehyde (MDA)/ glutathione (GSH) and were done. Distorted hepatic architecture, dilatation, congestion of sinusoids and central veins as well as cytoplasmic vacuolations were remarkable changes in the diabetic group. There was extravasation of blood, diffuse fibrous tissue formation, increase in the mean values of liver enzymes, oxidative markers and α-SMA expression in the same group. The aforementioned changes were ameliorated in groups III and IV. Concomitant administration of sitagliptin and rutin resulted in marked enhancement of these hepatic alterations. Combination of sitagliptin and rutin has an ameliorating effect on the hepatic deterioration induced by diabetes, which is better than either sitagliptin or rutin alone. Combination of sitagliptin and rutin has an ameliorating effect on the hepatic deterioration induced by diabetes, which is better than either sitagliptin or rutin alone.During educational dissection of cadavers, we encountered anatomical variability of the left phrenic nerve. In this cadaver, nerve fibers from C3 and C4 descended and crossed behind the transverse cervical artery (TCA), a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, at the level of the anterior scalene muscle. On the other hand, nerve fibers from C5 descended obliquely above the TCA and then joined the fibers from C3-4 on the medial side of the anterior scalene muscle to form the phrenic nerve. To our knowledge, the encircling of the TCA by the left phrenic nerve in the neck has not yet been reported and may pose as a potential risk for nerve compression during movement of the neck. We discuss several types of anatomical variants of the phrenic nerve and the associated risk during thorax and neck dissection procedures.There are many studies on the morphology of the liver and its blood vessels in experimental animals, but such studies are lacking in the mole rat (Spalax leucodon). The aim of this paper was a detailed basic study on the topography, morphology, vascular and biliary branching systems of the liver in the mole rat. Colored gelatine and mixture of colored lead oxide and linseed oil were injection contrast masses used to obtain vascular and biliary branching pattern in the liver. It was revealed that the liver of the mole rat had five lobes (left, quadrate, right medial, right lateral and caudate lobes). The left, undivided lobe, was the largest lobe of the liver. The quadrate lobe was divided into two components by a deep notch. The gallbladder, cilidrical shaped, was present and attached to the quadrate lobe. The common bile duct was formed by the union of the left and right hepatic ducts. The pancreatic duct joined the common bile duct before it entered the duodenum. In the present study only the right medial lobe and quadrate lobe always showed a single lobar artery, portal and hepatic veins. The left lobe showed four lobar arteries, portal and hepatic veins. The caudate lobe with its two processes and the right lateral and medial lobes had different arterial and portal blood supply as well as hepatic and biliary drainage of these lobes. The intrahepatic branches of the proper hepatic artery ran parallel to the branches of the common portal vein in the same lobes of the liver. The results of this study are significant for comparative studies among different species of rodents and other experimental animals. Morphology, vasculature and biliary tract of the liver in the mole rat were similar to that of other experimental animals and identified differences may be related to the adaptation to the mode of life and diet of this rodent.