https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Beta-Sitosterol.html 5% for Germany, 41.3% for Greece, 35.7% for Hungary, 45.6% for Poland, 54.4% for Romania and 71.3% for Spain. The retention rate for England between ITC 4CV1 and ITC 4CV2 was 39.1%; the retention rates for the ITC Netherlands Survey were 76.6% at Wave 10 (2016) and 80.9% at Wave 11 (2017). CONCLUSION The ITC sampling design and data collection methods in these three ITC surveys allow analyses to examine prospectively the impact of policy environment changes on the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products in each country, to make comparisons across the eight countries. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. All rights reserved.MOTIVATION Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has enabled the simultaneous transcriptomic profiling of individual cells under different biological conditions. scRNA-seq data have two unique challenges that can affect the sensitivity and specificity of single-cell differential expression analysis a large proportion of expressed genes with zero or low read counts ("dropout" events) and multimodal data distributions. RESULTS We have developed a zero-inflation-adjusted quantile (ZIAQ) method, which is the first method to account for both dropout rates and complex scRNA-seq data distributions in the same model. ZIAQ demonstrates superior performance over several existing methods on simulated scRNA-seq datasets by finding more differentially expressed genes. When ZIAQ was applied to the comparison of neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells from a human glioblastoma dataset, the ranking of biologically relevant genes and pathways showed clear improvement over existing methods. AVAILABILITY ZIAQ is implemented in the R language and available at https//github.com/gefeizhang/ZIAQ. © The Author(s) (2020). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.O