Accurate diagnosis and follow-up of pediatric patients with thyroid disorders, depends on the availability of appropriate data for normal thyroid volume (TV). The aim of this study was to determine the TV by ultrasonography (US) in subjects from the newborn period up to 18years of age from the Aegean region of Turkey.
 
  We measured the thyroid volumes in 513 children using US and compared them with the children's age, gender, standard deviation score (SDS) of body height (BH-SDS), body weight (BW-SDS), body mass index (BMI-SDS), and body surface area (BSA-SDS). The 3rd, 50th, and 97th percentiles of the age-dependent distribution of the TV were calculated and compared with national and international references.
 
  The BH, BW, BMI, and BSA of all the participants were within the normal ranges for Turkish children. The TV was significantly positively correlated with age, gender, BH-SDS, BW-SDS, BMI-SDS, and BSA-SDS in all subjects (r=0.748, r=0.267, r=0.730, r=0.735, r=0.664 and r=0.735, respectively; p<0.0001 for all). The most important predictors for TV were age and BW-SDS, followed by BSA-SDS and BH-SDS. In multivariate regression, age and BW-SDS were the only significant independent predictors for TV. Our results were nearly similar to the corresponding data reported by the World Health Organisation in 2004.
 
  The present study provides updated values for TV that can serve as a potential tool in differentiating the normal from the abnormal size of the thyroid gland in children aged 0-18 years from the Aegean region of Turkey.
 The present study provides updated values for TV that can serve as a potential tool in differentiating the normal from the abnormal size of the thyroid gland in children aged 0-18 years from the Aegean region of Turkey.
  The evidence of associations between some types of advanced colorectal neoplasia (ACN) at baseline and the risk of metachronous neoplasia is inconsistent. This study aimed to elucidate the incidence of metachronous neoplasia during post-polypectomy surveillance in individuals with ACN at baseline and examine the risk factors for its high incidence.
 
  Data from individuals who underwent endoscopic resection for ACN and received surveillance colonoscopy were analyzed.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lw-6.html  Data from individuals with no neoplastic lesions at baseline were used as reference. The incidence of metachronous ACN and clinically significant neoplasia (ACN and nonadvanced adenomas sized ≥5mm) were evaluated. Risk factors for the higher incidence of these lesions were examined in individuals with ACN at baseline.
 
  During the median follow-up period of 61.8months, metachronous ACN and nonadvanced adenomas sized ≥5mm were detected in 9.6% and 32.4% of individuals with ACN at baseline (n=136), respectively. The cumulative incidence of metachronous ACN and clinically significant neoplasia in individuals with ACN at baseline (3-year incidence 5.5% and 16.9%, respectively) was higher than that in individuals with no neoplastic lesions at baseline (P<0.01 for both). The presence of advanced histology at baseline, ≥5 neoplastic lesions at baseline, and family history of colorectal cancer were identified as risk factors for the higher incidence of clinically significant neoplasia.
 
  The relatively high incidence of metachronous neoplasia in individuals with ACN at baseline was confirmed; careful surveillance is required for these individuals, particularly in those with the risk factors.
 The relatively high incidence of metachronous neoplasia in individuals with ACN at baseline was confirmed; careful surveillance is required for these individuals, particularly in those with the risk factors.
  Brimonidine is increasingly used in the treatment of intraocular hypertension.
 
  We report on five paediatric patients suffering from brimonidine eye drop intoxication. The most frequent signs of the intoxication were a lowered level of consciousness and hypotonia. Other complications were apnea, bradycardia, hypotension and seizure. One of the patients needed cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Apnea in one of the cases was resistant to naloxone. Pupils were unremarkable in two cases.
 
  Brimonidine is potentially lethal for young infants. The absence of miosis and absence of response to naloxone is not a reason to rule out brimonidine poisoning.
 Brimonidine is potentially lethal for young infants. The absence of miosis and absence of response to naloxone is not a reason to rule out brimonidine poisoning.
  To analyze incidents related to Foley catheter insertion and maintenance, and to compare the rate of incidents before and after a medical staff education program.
 
  Data regarding Foley catheter insertion incidents and maintenance were collected at Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan. The degree of harm for each incident was assessed. In the middle of the study period, a medical staff education program by urologists was implemented to help understand basic urological anatomy, urethral catheter insertion techniques and catheter safety. The incidents before and after the intervention were then compared.
 
  During the study period, Foley catheter insertion was carried out in 12476 patients. Related incidents were reported in 66 (0.53%), including 22 (0.18%) occurring during catheter insertion and 44 (0.35%) occurring during catheter maintenance. A total of 13 (0.10%) cases of urethral injury were reported. The degree of harm associated with catheter insertion incidents was moderate in 13. Nine of these incidents occurred before the education program (9/6799, 0.13%), and four were reported after the end of the program (4/5677, 0.07%, P=0.4303). Transient suprapubic cystostomy was required in two due to urethral injury reported before the program. Among 44 incidents occurring during catheter maintenance, 37 catheters were removed or cut by the patient. Such incidents occurred regardless of the education program.
 
  The rate of incidents related to Foley catheter use at our institution is low. A specific medical staff education program might prevent iatrogenic catheter-related urethral injury requiring cystostomy.
 The rate of incidents related to Foley catheter use at our institution is low. A specific medical staff education program might prevent iatrogenic catheter-related urethral injury requiring cystostomy.