Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects every organ system in the body through impairment or by rendering the patient vulnerable to opportunistic infections. The kidney is the vital organ in the excretion of waste products and toxins (urea, creatinine and uric acid), and regulation of extracellular fluid volume, serum osmolality and electrolyte concentrations. The risk of kidney disease is greater in HIV-infected individuals than in the general population. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of renal function impairment and its associated factors among adult HIV-positive patients attending an ART clinic in Mettu Karl Referral Hospital, Mettu town, south-west Ethiopia. The institution-based, cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from March 8 to May 30, 2020. A total of 352 clients participated and a systematic sampling technique was used to allocate study participants. Data were entered into Epi data and exported to SPSS version 22 for analysis. Bivariate analysis was conducted to identi of renal function impairment. The prevalence of renal function impairment among HIV patients on ART is high. Hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking and low CD4 count were associated factors of renal function impairment. HIV patients on ART should be regularly screened for early diagnosis and management of renal function impairment. Treating latent tuberculosis (TB) infection with Isoniazid (INH) among human immune virus (HIV) infected patients reduces active TB occurrence and death by 62% and 26%, respectively. Even though other studies show aforementioned evidence, TB incidence and its associated factors among HIV-infected individuals who were on INH and never on INH is not well studied in northwest Ethiopia. Therefore, this study tried to assess the effect of INH prophylaxis in TB prevention and associated factors among HIV-infected individuals. Data were extracted from charts of HIV-infected clients who completed INH (193) and were never on INH (198) after a simple random sampling selection was done among newly diagnosed patients on follow-up from 2008 to 2015. After data were collected, it was entered into Epi info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 22 for analysis. Cox regression model was fitted and the hazard ratio was reported. In this study, the overall TB incidence rate among HIV patients was 3.5/100 person-years (PY) [95% CI 2.55, 4.82]. But it was 7.1/100 PY among patients who were never on INH and 0.35/100 PY among patients who completed INH. INH completed [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.37], on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) [AHR = 0.02, 95% CI 0.01-0.04], baseline World Health Organization (WHO) stage I & II [AHR =0.22, 95% CI 0.08-0.62] and baseline CD4 ≤ 350 [AHR=3.76, 95% CI 1.39-10.18] were significantly associated with TB incidence. Putting patients on INH for 6 months and ART were protective factors against TB. Therefore, health institutions are recommended to provide INH after ruling out active TB and contraindications for HIV-infected individuals. Putting patients on INH for 6 months and ART were protective factors against TB. Therefore, health institutions are recommended to provide INH after ruling out active TB and contraindications for HIV-infected individuals. Usage of traditional-herbal medicines (THM) for various illnesses has been increased around the world, so does the adulteration of these products with hazardous compounds. There are limited Malaysian data that have been published on the characteristics trend and adverse events associated with adulterated THM products. This study described characteristics of adulterated THM products in Malaysia and aimed to quantify THM products' safety signals of adverse reactions (ARs). THM products that were seized by Pharmacy Enforcement Division between 2008 and 2014 were extracted and analysed for 59,440 THM products. Of these, only 6452 THM products with complete information were included in the final analyses. Safety signalling tools were used to measure AR signals from AR reports obtained from the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency Adverse Drug Reaction Database. More than half of adulterated THM products originated from countries outside of Malaysia, with the majority were from Indonesia. The most common claimed indication of adulterated THM products was for pain and fever relief, while steroids were the most common adulterant. AR signals were generated for cough and cold products for respiratory and thoracic disorders, weight-loss products for cardiac disorders, and women's health products for reproductive and breast disorders. Health authorities from various fields can work collaboratively by implementing strategic actions that include the use of safety signalling tools to curb the increasing number of adulterated THM products in the Malaysian market. Health authorities from various fields can work collaboratively by implementing strategic actions that include the use of safety signalling tools to curb the increasing number of adulterated THM products in the Malaysian market. The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture resistance of ceramic veneers with digital die spacer settings at 20 µm, 40 µm, and 100 µm. Eighteen sound maxillary first premolars were divided into three groups (n=6) according to their digital die spacer settings group A=20 µm, group B=40 µm, group C=100 µm. Each tooth was prepared to a depth of 0.5 mm to receive lithium disilicate veneers (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent). All groups were thermocycled (2500 cycles at 5-55°C) and subjected to fracture resistance test using a universal testing machine until failure. Failure modes were examined using a stereomicroscope. The values (N) for group A=1181.34±301.33, group B=1014.29±291.12, and group C=841.89±244.59. One-way ANOVA showed no statistical difference among the three groups (p=0.145). However, chi-square test showed that a significant difference was present in the modes of failure (p=0.009). Tukey's post hoc test indicated that the failure modes of group A were statistically different from those of group C, showing 83.3% adhesive failure for group A compared to 0% adhesive failures in group C. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pexidartinib-plx3397.html A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Digital die spacer thickness did not influence the mean fracture resistance values of CAD/CAM lithium disilicate veneers. However, the way the failure occurred differed significantly at various die spacer thicknesses. Digital die spacer thickness did not influence the mean fracture resistance values of CAD/CAM lithium disilicate veneers. However, the way the failure occurred differed significantly at various die spacer thicknesses.