r tissue necrosis. V.BACKGROUND As the increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial strains, development of the adjuvant antimicrobial approach for the treatment of burn wound infection is important. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using indocyanine green (ICG) in reducing the bacterial load and expression profiling of the quorum sensing (QS) system associated with the biofilm formation in multi-species bacterial biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multi-species bacterial suspension including Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were photosensitized with ICG, which was excited at a wavelength of 810 nm. After evaluating the dose of ICG-aPDT contributing to the sub-significant reduction of colony forming unit (CFU)/mL, the gene expression levels of abaI, agrA, and lasI were assessed using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. As well as, lipid peroxidation, superoxide t of burn wound infections in vivo. V.Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the treatment of infectious diseases worldwide. Candida albicans is one of the most virulent and common species of fungi and cause invasive fungal infections on humans. Alternative treatment strategies including photodynamic basics are needed for controlling infectious diseases.  https://www.selleckchem.com/pharmacological_MAPK.html  The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal photodynamic activities of phthalocyanine derivatives on C. albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of compounds were determined by the broth microdilution method. Uptake of the compounds in C. albicans and dark toxicity of the compounds were also investigated. Photodynamic inhibition of growth experiments was performed by measuring the colony-forming unit/mL (CFU/mL) of the strain. Maximum uptake into the cells was observed in the presence of 64 µg/mL concentration for each compound except for ZnPc. Compounds did not show dark toxicity/inhibitory effects at sub-MIC concentrations on C. albicans when compared to the negative control groups. Zn(II)Pc, ZnPc, and ZnPc-TiO2 showed fungicidal effect after irradiation with the light dose of 90 J/cm2 in the presence of the compounds. In addition to the fungicidal effects, SubPc, SubPc-TiO2, Es-SiPc, and Es-SubPc compounds were also found to have inhibitory effects on the growth of yeast cells after irradiation. V.INTRODUCTION 5-Aminolevulinic (5-ALA) is used as a photo diagnostic agent in bladder cancer; patients with bladder cancer receive a diagnosis of non-muscle invasive disease however, it is unknown whether 5-ALA possess anti-cancer properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of 5-ALA on bladder cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS T24 cells treated with various concentrations of mitomycin (MC), 5-ALA and an MC/5-ALA mixture were evaluated to determine the role of 5-ALA on MC cytotoxicity. Cell cycle analysis was conducted, and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Caspase 3 enzyme and reactive oxygen species were measured. RESULTS Our initial studies exploring the impact of combination therapy on cell viability demonstrated improved cytotoxic effects on T24 and RT cells with relatively low doses of 5-ALA/MC in conjunction with MC alone. Indicated no significant difference between the IC50 of MC and MC/5-ALA in T24 cells, while IC50 value was decreased by 25% in RT4 cells in 5-ALA/MC in comparing with MC alone. However, examination of cell cycle phase arrests by flow cytometry revealed significant PreG1 apoptosis and cell growth arrest in G2/M in T24 cells treated with the MC/5-ALA mixture compared with MC treatment. In addition, caspase 3 enzyme was increased by 1.15-fold in T24 cells treated with MC/5-ALA in comparison with MC alone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that 5-ALA might possess anti-cancer properties and is not only a photo diagnostic element. V.The ability to detect and diagnose bladder cancer early and precisely is crucial for effective treatment. The aim of this study is to assess the utility of optical biopsy performed with autofluorescence cystoscopy (AFC) using the Onco-LIFE system with numerical color values (NCVs) and by ALA/PDD. Histopathological examination of material obtained during TURBT and/or biopsy of the bladder was carried out in 251 patients. In the case of 35 patients, the selection of the specimen collected for histopathological examination was based using ALA/PDD. In the remaining 216 patients, tissue was collected based on the findings of AFC with NCV. Using AFC, the observed NCV ranged from 0 to 3.86; the highest mean NCV was observed in neoplastic muscle invasive lesions and was equal to 3.18. Furthermore, non-muscle invasive tumors were characterized by a mean NCV equal to 1.54. Tissue with inflammation, metaplasia, and healthy tissue demonstrated significantly lower mean NCV values. The presence of a muscle-invasive tumor increased the NCV by approximately 2.86 compared to healthy tissue. The rates of postoperative complications depend on the examining operator and are observed more often, as much as 65.7% during ALA/PDD. AFC with NCV using the Onco-LIFE system, as well as ALA/PDD are helpful tools for early diagnosis of bladder precancerous and cancer lesions and for performing targeted biopsies. A significant correlation was found between lesion NCV index and the grade of dysplasia or tumor malignancy. Tissue with inflammation, metaplasia, and healthy tissue demonstrated significantly lower mean NCV values. AFE with NCV have a significantly higher sensitivity than specificity. Low rates of postoperative complications are correlated to the experience of the endoscopist and with AFE/NCV in comparison of ALA/PDD. V.BACKGROUND . To evaluate the influence of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and light activated irrigation (LAI) using different laser prototypes Er,CrYSGG (ECYL), ErYag (EYL), Nd-Yag (NYL) on pushout bond strength of Pre-fabricated fiber reinforced composite (PFRC) post to radicular dentin. MATERIAL AND METHOD . Fifty maxillary and mandibular teeth were collected, cleaned and decoronated. Canals were instrumented using crown-down technique. Flaring of canals was performed using protaper S1, SX files. F1, F2 and F3 files were utilized for finishing of canal preparations. Prepared root canals were dried and obturated with gutta percha. Teeth were placed vertically within the section of polyvinyl pipes using acrylic resin. Post space preparation was completed using peso-reamers. Based on the PDT and laser activated irrigation (LAI) with different laser prototypes, samples were divided into five groups of 10 specimens each. Group 1- PDT, group 2- 5.25% NaOCl (sodium hypochlorite) and 17% EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid), group 3- 5.