The highly radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans responds to gamma radiation or desiccation through the coordinated expression of genes belonging to Radiation and Desiccation Resistance/Response (RDR) regulon. RDR regulon is operated through cis-acting sequence RDRM (Radiation Desiccation Response Motif), trans-acting repressor DdrO and protease IrrE (also called PprI). The present study evaluated whether RDR regulon controls the response of D. radiodurans to various other DNA damaging stressors, to which it is resistant, such as UV rays, mitomycin C (MMC), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), ethidium bromide (EtBr), etc. Activation of 3 RDR regulon genes (ddrB, gyrB and DR1143) was studied by tagging their promoter sequences with a highly sensitive GFP reporter. Here we demonstrated that all the DNA damaging stressors elicited activation of RDR regulon of D. radiodurans in a dose-dependent and RDRM-/IrrE-dependent manner.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html  However, ROS-mediated indirect effects [induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), methyl viologen (MV), heavy metal/metalloid (zinc or tellurite), etc.] did not activate RDR regulon. We also showed that level of activation was inversely proportional to cellular abundance of repressor DdrO. Our data strongly suggests that direct DNA damage activates RDR regulon in D. radiodurans.Evolutionary Cell Biology (ECB) has gained increasing attention in the last decades. Here we explore whether ECB is truly inter-disciplinary through the combination of cellular and evolutionary biology to offer evidence-based insights regarding the major questions of cell evolution. Since 2012, ECB asserts to utilize the increasing potential of high-throughput omics data (in silico) with morpho-functional (in situ) information, although challenges remain for a complete integration. For instance, the limited number of model organisms and cultivation techniques available excludes the majority of the extant diversity of cells from the scope of experimental inquiry. At the conceptual level, the simplification of evolutionary processes influenced by cultural views of evolution, such as adaptationism or Scala Naturae, challenges effective interdisciplinary work. Without a profound understanding of evolutionary theory and an integrative view of cell biology, the formulation of questions and experiments properly addre current ECB discipline from previous integrative attempts. We conclude by elucidating the current disciplinary constraints of ECB and propose considerations towards successfully employing ECB to answer questions pertaining to the evolution of cellular complexity.Adipogenesis is a cascade of processes that entail the differentiation of fibroblasts into mature adipocytes, which results in the accumulation of triglycerides in the adipose cells due to high dietary supplements. This physiological condition increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. Apocynin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone), an organic compound from the root extracts of the medicinal herb Picrorhiza kurroa, has been used in various experimental studies. The current study focuses on deciphering the cellular and molecular mechanisms interlinking obesity and diabetes by validating the various key targets involved in insulin signaling and adipogenesis. Apocynin exhibited enhanced glucose uptake and decreased lipid accumulation in the adipocytes. Furthermore, the expression of molecular markers involved in the insulin signaling pathway, such as IRTK, IRS-1, PI3K, GLUT-4, and the adipogenic pathway, such as PPAR α, adiponectin, C/EBP-α and SREBP1C, by qPCR supported our hypothesis largely. Apocynin mimicked insulin in the insulin-signaling pathway by showing equivalent gene expression. It ameliorated adipogenesis by downregulating the key markers in the adipogenic pathway. Corroborating the hypothesis that Apocynin is antihyperlipidemic in nature, it reduced the expression of PPARα and adiponectin. These results substantiate that Apocynin exerts anti-diabetic and anti-adipogenic effects by regulating resistin and antioxidant enzyme levels in vitro.
  Failure ratio of an anti-reflux surgery is 2-17% in adults. After unsuccessful fundoplications, if necessary, revisional surgeries can be performed. Revisional surgeries are technically difficult to perform and require professionally advanced experience. On the other hand, it is still controversial which technique should be used in revisional surgery. The aim of this study is to present our experience with revisional surgical procedures for complications or recurrences after anti-reflux surgeries.
 
  A total of 18 patients, 16 of whom were referred to our clinic from other centers, and who underwent revisional surgery for failed fundoplication between 2014 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed RESULTS Five patients were male and 13 were female. The mean age was 40.3±11.7 years. The most common symptom was the persistence of reflux symptoms (61.2%). Indications for revisional surgery were recurrent hiatal hernia in 10 patients, thightness in 4 patients, mesh migration in 2 patients, mesh migration with recurnd re-revisional surgery was performed.
 
  Revisionary surgical procedures performed for failed anti-reflux surgery are not limited to re-fundoplication. Different procedures such as takedown of the previous fundoplication, reconstruction of fundoplication, removal of the mesh, removal of the sutures or wedge resection may be necessary. These procedures can successfully be performed laparoscopically by experienced surgeons in well-equipped centers.
 
  Fundoplication, Gastroesophageal reflux, Laparoscopy, Revisional Surgery, Antireflux surgery.
 Fundoplication, Gastroesophageal reflux, Laparoscopy, Revisional Surgery, Antireflux surgery.Both monolithic and semi-monolithic scintillator positron emission tomography (PET) detectors can measure the depth of interaction with single-ended readout. Usually scintillators with a thickness of 10 mm or less are used since the position resolutions of the detectors degrade as the scintillator thickness increases. In this work, the performance of a 20 mm thick long rectangular semi-monolithic scintillator PET detector was measured by using both single-ended and dual-ended readouts with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays to provide a high detection efficiency. The semi-monolithic scintillator detector consists of nine lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate slices measuring 1.37 × 51.2 × 20 mm3 with erythrocyte sedimentation rate foils of 0.065 mm thickness in between the slices. The SiPM array at each end of the scintillator detector consists of 16 × 4 SiPMs with a pixel size of 3.0 × 3.0 mm2 and a pitch of 3.2 mm. The 64 signals of each SiPM array are processed by using the TOFPET2 application-specific integrated circuit individually.