We consider a cerebellar ring network for the optokinetic response (OKR), and investigate the effect of diverse recoding of granule (GR) cells on OKR by varying the connection probability pc from Golgi to GR cells. For an optimal value of pc∗(=0.06), individual GR cells exhibit diverse spiking patterns which are in-phase, anti-phase, or complex out-of-phase with respect to their population-averaged firing activity. Then, these diversely-recoded signals via parallel fibers (PFs) from GR cells are effectively depressed by the error-teaching signals via climbing fibers from the inferior olive which are also in-phase ones. Synaptic weights at in-phase PF-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses of active GR cells are strongly depressed via strong long-term depression (LTD), while those at anti-phase and complex out-of-phase PF-PC synapses are weakly depressed through weak LTD. This kind of "effective" depression (i.e., strong/weak LTD) at the PF-PC synapses causes a big modulation in firings of PCs, which then exert effective inhibitory coordination on the vestibular nucleus (VN) neuron (which evokes OKR). For the firing of the VN neuron, the learning gain degree Lg, corresponding to the modulation gain ratio, increases with increasing the learning cycle, and it saturates at about the 300th cycle. By varying pc from pc∗, we find that a plot of saturated learning gain degree Lg∗ versus pc forms a bell-shaped curve with a peak at pc∗ (where the diversity degree in spiking patterns of GR cells is also maximum). Consequently, the more diverse in recoding of GR cells, the more effective in motor learning for the OKR adaptation.This paper investigates the state bounding problem of fuzzy memristive neural networks (FMNNs) with bounded input disturbances.  https://www.selleckchem.com/  By using the characters of Metzler, Hurwitz and nonnegative matrices, this paper obtains the exact delay-independent and delay-dependent boundary ranges of the solution, which have less conservatism than the results in existing literatures. The validity of the results is verified by two numerical examples.
  We aimed to underline the determinants of adverse neonatal outcome in gestations complicated by placenta previa (PP).
 
  A retrospective study including all women diagnosed with placenta previa carrying a singleton gestation who delivered between 2011 and June 2019. Gestations with adverse neonatal outcomes were compared to those without. In a secondary analysis, we further studied the rate of Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) in relation to number of previous cesarean deliveries.
 
  Overall, 548/84,558 (0.6%) singleton deliveries were complicated by PP (0.6%). PAS was noted in 105 (19.2%) cases. After exclusion of PAS cases, adverse neonatal outcome occurred in 149/443 (33.6%), median gestational age of delivery was 37 
  with a median birthweight of 2780g. In a univariate analysis, adverse neonatal outcome was associated with emergent delivery and general anesthesia [56.8% vs. 20.8%, OR 5.00 (95% CI) 3.24-7.72, p<0.001 and 54.4% vs. 24.8%, OR 3.60 (95% CI) 2.37-5.47, p<0.001, respectively]. Gestational age at delivery was lower in the adverse outcome group (mean 35 
  vs. 37 
  , p<0.001). In a multivariate regression analysis, general anesthesia and gestational age at delivery were independently associated with adverse neonatal outcome [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.26 (95% CI) 1.18-4.31, p=0.01, aOR 1.10 (95% CI) 1.05-1.16, p<0.001. Analysis of the rate of PAS among women with previous cesarean delivery and PP revealed that no cases of PAS were noted when no prior cesarean delivery was present. The rate of PAS for previous 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 cesarean deliveries was 26.7%, 43.5%, 65.5%, 55.6% and 66.7% respectively.
 
  Efforts should be made to avoid general anesthesia in deliveries of PP.
 Efforts should be made to avoid general anesthesia in deliveries of PP.Small interfering RNA (siRNA) exhibits gene-specific RNAi activity by the formation of RISC complex with mRNA of gene. The structural modification of siRNA at appropriate positions affects the structure of RISC complex and then RNAi activity. The modified siRNA are mostly prepared from the incorporation of sugar ring modified, and nucleobase modified RNA nucleotides. It is learned that the introduction of the sterically hindered nucleoside at the specific position of siRNA, severely affects siRNA-RISC complex formation. This report describes the syntheses of bulkier siRNA from 2'-caged-tethered-siRNAs, containing bulkier photolabile protecting group (o-nitrobenzyl) at 2'-position of ribose nucleoside. Importantly, these 2'-caged-siRNAs exhibit the light-dependent RNA interference (RNAi) activity into HEK293T cells for the GFP gene expression. The 2'-caged-siRNAs are synthesized by caging the sense and antisense strand of siRNA. The biochemical evaluations of these caged-siRNAs show that antisense-strand caged-siRNAs decrease RNAi activity temporarily in dark while enhancing RNAi activity, almost like control, after exposure withUV- light. However, 2'-caged sense strand siRNA increase RNAi activity temporarily while decreasing RNAi activity after exposure with light. These caged-siRNAs are also stable in the serum (fetal bovine serum) as like native siRNA. Hence these results strongly support that 2'-caged-tethered-siRNAs are promising analogues to control RNAi activity by UV-light.Several anti-HIV-1 peptides have previously been found among overlapping fragment peptide libraries that contain an octa-arginyl moiety and cover the whole sequence of an HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein. Several derivatives based on a potent CA fragment peptide CA-19L have been synthesized. CA-19L overlaps with the Helix 9 region of the CA protein, which could be important for oligomerization of the CA proteins. Derivatives of CA-19L in which several amino acid residues were added to the N- and C-termini according to the natural CA sequence, were synthesized and their anti-HIV activity was evaluated. Some potent compounds were found, and these potential new anti-HIV agents are expected to be useful as new tools for elucidation of CA functions.Background The social distancing during COVID-19 is likely to cause a feeling of alienation, which may pose a threat to the public's mental health. Our research aims to examine the relationship between negative emotions and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), considering the mediation effect of alienation and how it is moderated by anxiety and depression. Methods For this, the current study conducted a cross-sectional survey on 7145 participants during the outbreak of COVID-19, via online questionnaires comprised of a self-designed Negative emotions questionnaire, Symptom Check List 90 (SCL-90), PTSD Checklist-civilian version (PCL-C), and Adolescent Students Alienation Scale (ASAS). Results A total of 6666 pieces of data from the general population were included in the statistical analysis. The descriptive statistics showed a relatively mild level of mental disorders. Besides, results of Conditional Process Model analysis supported our hypotheses that negative emotions and alienation were both predictors for PTSD symptoms, and their direct and indirect effects were all moderated by the level of anxiety.