l communitybased health research efforts.Why compare Aby Warburg, talented cultural and art historian, creator of the eponymous library, and Leo Frobenius, pioneer of primitive art studies and the father of modern Africanism? Not merely for biographical reasons.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/zebularine.html  The work of Warburg and Frobenius offers two clear examples of a cultural and scientific trend between the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, which aspired to the organization of universal knowledge, in order to establish a method for the study of the most unstable field of human culture.Well-studied in historiography, nineteenth-century debates on Portugal's decadence ("decadência") left a deep and long-lasting impression in this country's historical culture. The idea that Portugal had reached its apogee and was inexorably losing ground in the concert of other European peoples led its intellectuals to search in the past for elements capable of inspiring a national rebirth. Among the most sought epochs was the Middle Ages, revalued in the context of romantic culture. This article explores how the concept of national decadence was examined in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Portuguese medievalist discourses.René-Louis de Girardin is remembered for having invited Rousseau to hisErmenonville estate. Girardin believed it necessary to further the debate on gardens on the basis of a principle of continuity that rejects any idea of enclosure. This made it possible to establish an agricultural model that increased production and finally allowed the monopoly in grain sales to be broken. At the service of l'idéologienobiliaire, his analysis shows the existence of a form of economic thinking in the second half of the eighteenth century that, giving primacy to agriculture, nevertheless cannot fall within the paths of physiocrats and agronomists.What is too often lacking in contemporary interpretations of Immanuel Kant's racial thinking is a more thorough overview of the context and of the literature that he used to support his ideas. This article is mainly limited to Kant's brief discussion on race mixing at the end of this 1785 essay. He presented there the cases of the gypsies, the black Portuguese, and the Jews on St. Thomas in order to show the consequences of this practice. A contextual understanding will reveal how Kant wished to contribute to on-going discussions and how he used his source material.This article uses computational and statistical methods for analyzing the concept of liberty 1600-1800. Based on a bespoke set of tools for parsing conceptual structures it contributes to the literature on the concept of liberty and engages with the thesis concerning negative liberty first put forward by Isaiah Berlin and subsequently modified by Quentin Skinner.In 1748 Montesquieu simultaneously published his immense Spirit of the Laws and republished his brief Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline. Both the date of publication and the evidence of the texts themselves correct contemporary scholars' tendency to discount the status of the Considerations as the unique partner of the Laws. Reading the two works together illuminates Montesquieu's account of the state, his assessment of historical progress, and his predictions for the future of Europe.This article presents a reassessment of the seventeenth-century debate over the origin of the Hebrew vowel points. Previous accounts have treated this debate from the perspective of Protestant scholarship, with the reception of Louis Cappel's Arcanum punctationis revelatum (1624) used to measure progress or reaction according to how far scholars accepted or rejected-the latter for theological reasons-the critical advance his work has been taken to represent. The article argues this mischaracterizes the issue, showing why the question only became especially pressing in the mid-1640s in the context of broader developments in Catholic and Protestant biblical criticism.Adolescent substance use is influenced by a multitude of socio-ecological factors ranging from intrapersonal to policy-related. We systematically searched electronic databases using variations and Boolean connections of substance use terms to identify literature on Nigerian adolescent substance use (alcohol, drugs, and tobacco). Using the social ecological model to organize findings from the review, we present the intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, and/or policy factors of substance use identified in the studies. Of the 13 studies reviewed, most examined only intrapersonal and interpersonal factors affecting Nigerian adolescent substance use, while none clearly examined the impact of other ecological levels (community and policy) on adolescent substance use. All the studies reviewed were cross-sectional, and none employed a sound theoretical framework to guide their inquiry. This review underscores the need for future theory-driven, longitudinal research that captures the dynamic nature of Nigerian adolescent substance use behaviors and other associated health-related behaviors, such as sexual behaviors and intentional/unintentional injuries.Substance use disorder is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Comprehensive harm reduction programs have emerged as a public health strategy to help those with substance use disorder. At this time little is known about the population of people who use comprehensive harm reduction programs. To address this gap in knowledge we examined health needs and priorities among people who utilize a comprehensive harm reduction program. We conducted in depth semi-structured interviews with 29 people who access services at a harm reduction program. Themes from the qualitative interviews revealed priorities included improving housing stability, sobriety, and reunification with children. Lack of trust of the health care system was often reported as a barrier to optimal medical care. Comprehensive harm reduction programs are in a position to offer services that can help improve physical health and social determinants of health for people with substance use disorder.