Collectively, our findings have implications for the design of efficacious targeted immunotherapeutic biologics, and ensembles thereof. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.The life diversity relies on a handful chemical elements (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus) as part of essential building blocks, whereas other atoms are needed to a lesser extent and most of the remaining elements are excluded from biology.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/takinib.html  This circumstance limits the scope of biochemical reactions in extant metabolism - yet it offers a phenomenal playground for synthetic biology. Xenobiology aims at bringing novel bricks to life that could be exploited towards (xeno)metabolite synthesis. In particular, the assembly of novel pathways engineered to handle non-biological elements (neo-metabolism) will broaden the chemical space beyond the reach of natural evolution. In this review, xeno-elements that could be blended into Nature's biosynthetic portfolio are discussed together with their physicochemical properties and tools and strategies to incorporate them into biochemistry. We argue that current bioproduction methods can be revolutionized by intersecting xenobiology with neo-metabolism for the synthesis of new-to-Nature molecules, e.g. organohalides. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.BACKGROUND Clinical hand eczema trials measure a variety of outcome domains to determine the success of interventions. This considerably limits the comparability and overall confidence in the study results, and thereby the strength of recommendations for clinical practice. OBJECTIVES HECOS aims to develop a core outcome set (COS) for the standardised evaluation of interventions in future hand eczema trials and reviews. This COS will define the minimum that should be measured and reported in controlled and randomised-controlled trials of therapeutic hand eczema interventions. The objective of this protocol is to specify the methods to develop a core domain set. METHODS In Phase 1, a list of candidate domains will be derived from a systematic literature review concerning previously measured outcomes in hand eczema trials, from qualitative patient interviews, and from expert interviews. In Phase 2, a consensus study about core domains will be conducted by an online 3-round Delphi survey and a face-to-face meeting, applying pre-defined consensus-criteria. HECOS involves hand eczema and methods experts as well as patients and further stakeholders with an interest in the initiative. OUTLOOK When a set of core domains has been defined, HECOS is going to identify appropriate outcome measurement instruments in a development process that will be detailed in another protocol. The COS will considerably enhance the methodological quality, comparability, and usefulness of hand eczema trials for clinical decision making and the development of new therapeutic options for hand eczema, and also reduce the effort of planning, conducting, and reporting individual hand eczema studies, reviews and meta-analyses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Microporous ZIF-8 crystals were synthesized by acid etching, and such etched ZIF-8 (ZIF-8-E) crystals were introduced into polyethersulfone (PES) membrane matrix to enhance the CO 2 separation performance. Opening through pores (~100 nm in size) formed in ZIF-8 crystals allow polyethersulfone chain pass through to ensure the reduction of nonselective voids, which achieves better interaction between ZIF-8-E and PES. As a result, CO 2 /N 2 separation performance for ZIF-8-E/PES membrane increased significantly where CO 2 permeability was 15.7 Barrer and with a CO 2 /N 2 ideal selectivity of 6.5. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.BACKGROUND Cutaneous exposure to sunlight is a major source of vitamin D. Individuals with photosensitivity disorders have symptoms provoked by sunlight and may not achieve the brief sunlight exposures that convey vitamin D acquisition. OBJECTIVE To explore knowledge, behaviour and attitudes towards vitamin D and its acquisition in patients with photosensitivity. METHODS Patients (n=19) diagnosed with solar urticaria, erythropoietic protoporphyria or polymorphic light eruption at a specialist photoinvestigation centre participated in semi-structured focus groups to discuss vitamin D knowledge, acquisition behaviours, and attitudes towards vitamin D acquisition through sunlight and diet. Discussions were analysed by thematic analysis using MAXQDA11. RESULTS Knowledge of vitamin D was variable. There was good awareness that sunlight exposure is an important source but knowledge of dietary sources was poor. Patients had little concern for their own vitamin D status prior to attending the photoinvestigation centre. Most patients avoided sunlight exposure, were unable to achieve the guidance on sun exposure for healthy individuals, and were aware this could affect their vitamin D status. Use of oral vitamin D supplements was common and all were willing to consider supplements if required. Patients recommended improving education of clinicians to increase patient awareness of vitamin D, CONCLUSIONS More targeted guidance is required on acquisition of vitamin D for patients with photosensitivity, supported by increased patient and clinician education. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) affects the recommended screening, incidence, treatment, and mortality of cancer. Cancer occurring in a patient with ESKD can influence candidacy for kidney transplantation as well as dialysis decision-making and cancer treatment. Certain cancers are more common among ESKD patients, notably, viral-mediated cancers that are associated with human papilloma or hepatitis viruses, and urothelial cancers associated with analgesic and Balkan nephropathies. Solid tumors are not believed to occur more frequently in ESKD patients. The presence of ESKD may confer a higher risk of post-surgical complications as well as mortality. The cost-effectiveness of cancer screening depends upon individual cancer risk and estimated overall survival. The high mortality associated with ESKD argues against routine cancer screening in dialysis patients. Cancer treatment in ESKD may be complicated by the need to avoid, adjust doses of and/or coordinate the timing of administration of imaging contrast, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy with dialysis treatments.