https://www.selleckchem.com/products/srt2104-gsk2245840.html A novel Monte-Carlo based correction was proposed to account for the presence of the aperture. CTDI was calculated and compared for two calibration beams as well as for a commercial CT scanner using Exradin A101 and Radcal 10x5-3CT chambers.Main results.The nominal chamber length was found to deviate up to 21% compared to the effective length. Correction for the aperture depended on the aperture opening size. CTDI calculation results illustrate the potential 17% error in CTDI calculation that can be caused by assuming the effective chamber length is equivalent to the manufacturer's stated nominal length. CTDI calculations with CT ionization chambers calibrated with an air-kerma length calibration method yield the smallest variation in the CTDI regardless of the chamber model.Significance.To avoid an erroneous CTDI, information regarding the chamber's effective length must be included in the calibration or stated by the manufacturer. Alternatively, a slit-based calibration can be performed.Grain boundaries (GBs) widely exist in black phosphorene (BP), which plays a vital role in determining the properties of 2D materials. Significant GB effect on the thermal boundary resistance in BP structures is found by using molecular dynamics calculations and lattice dynamic analysis. A remarkably high interface thermal resistance is observed. By analyzing the strain distribution and phonon vibrational spectra, we reveal this high thermal resistance originates from phonon localization and strong phonon boundary scattering induced by the local stress at the GB area. Particularly, it is interesting to find that the partial phonon modes display weak localization when GBs present. The fraction of atoms participating in a particular phonon vibrational mode has been quantified through the calculation of phonon participation ratio. In addition, the thermal boundary resistance is found size-dependent, which further induces int