A distributed trigger counting (DTC) problem is to detect w triggers in the distributed system consisting of n nodes. DTC algorithms can be used for monitoring systems using sensors to detect a significant global change. When designing an efficient DTC algorithm, the following goals should be considered; minimizing the whole number of exchanged messages used for counting triggers and even distribution of communication loads among nodes. In this paper, we present an efficient DTC algorithm, DDR-coin (Deterministic Detection of Randomly generated coins). The message complexity-the total number of exchanged messages-of DDR-coin is O(nlogn(w/n)) in average. MaxRcvLoad-the maximum number of received messages to detect w triggers in each node-is O(logn(w/n)) on average. DDR-coin is not an exact algorithm; even though w triggers are received by the n nodes, it can fail to raise an alarm with a negligible probability. However, DDR-coin is more efficient than exact DTC algorithms on average and the gap between those is increased for larger n. We implemented the prototype of the proposed scheme using NetLogo 6.1.1. We confirmed that experimental results are close to our mathematical analysis. Compared with the previous schemes-TreeFill, CoinRand, and RingRand- DDR-coin shows smaller message complexity and MaxRcvLoad.The PFPE-PEG-PFPE (Perfluoropolyether-polyethylene glycol-perfluoropolyether) surfactant has been used in droplet-based microfluidics and is known to provide high droplet stability and biocompatibility. Since this surfactant ensures the stability of droplets, droplet-based microfluidic systems have been widely used to encapsulate and analyze various biological components at the single-molecule scale, including viruses, bacteria, nucleic acids and proteins. In this study, we experimentally confirmed that gas crosstalk occurred between droplets formed by fluorinated oil and the PFPE-PEG-PFPE surfactant. E. coli K-12 bacterial cells were encapsulated with Luria-Bertani broth within droplets for the cultivation, and gas crosstalk was identified with neighboring droplets that contain phenol red. Since bacteria produce ammonia gas during its metabolism, penetration of ammonia gas initiates a color change of phenol red-containing droplets. Ammonia gas exchange was also confirmed by reacting ammonium chloride and sodium hydroxide within droplets that encapsulated. Herein, we demonstrate the gas crosstalk issue between droplets when it is formed using the PFPE-PEG-PFPE surfactant and also confirm that the density of droplet barrier has effects on gas crosstalk. Our results also suggest that droplet-based microfluidics can be used for the monitoring of living bacteria by the determination of bacterial metabolites during cultivation.The problem of the informative frequency band (IFB) selection for local fault detection is considered in the paper. There are various approaches that are very effective in this issue. Most of the techniques are vibration-based and they are related to the cyclic impulses detection (associated with the local fault) in the background noise. However, when the background noise in the vibration signal has non-Gaussian impulsive behavior, the classical methods seem to be insufficient. Recently, new techniques were proposed by several authors and interesting approaches were tested for different non-Gaussian signals. We demonstrate the comparative analysis related to the results for three selected techniques proposed in recent years, namely the Alpha selector, Conditional Variance-based selector, and Spearman selector. The techniques seem to be effective for the IFB selection for the non-Gaussian distributed vibration signals. The main purpose of this article is to investigate how spectral overlapping of informative and non-informative impulsive components will affect diagnostic procedures. According to our knowledge, this problem was not considered in the literature for the non-Gaussian signals. Nevertheless, as we demonstrated by the simulations, the level of overlapping and the location of a center frequency of the mentioned frequency bands have a significant influence on the behavior of the considered selectors. The discussion about the effectiveness of each analyzed method is conducted. The considered problem is supported by real-world examples.Excessive glutamate damages neuronal cells via the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium ion (Ca2+) influx, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis, which may result in the development of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we evaluated the effects of 4,6'-anhydrooxysporidinone isolated from endophytic fungus Fusarium lateritium SSF2 on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, accumulation of intracellular ROS, increases in superoxide anion production, Ca2+, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptotic cell death in hippocampal HT22 cells. 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H2DCFDA) staining was used to determine the intracellular reactive oxygen species concentration and dihydroethidine (DHE) staining was used to determine the superoxide radical. Expression of the nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was analyzed by Western blot. Fluo-4 staining was used to determine the intracellular Ca2+ levels. In order to explore mitochondrial membrane potential, tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) staining was used. Apoptotic cell death was evaluated using Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) staining and TUNEL staining.  https://www.selleckchem.com/  Expression of the cytochrome c release and cleaved caspase-9, -3 was analyzed by Western blot. Here, we were able to isolate 4,6'-anhydrooxysporidinone from endophytic fungus, Fusarium lateritium SSF2, which was shown to protect HT22 cells from glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, accumulation of intracellular ROS, increases in superoxide anion production, Ca2+, and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, 4,6'-anhydrooxysporidinone enhanced the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1. It also inhibited the apoptotic cell death through the inhibition of cytochrome c release and cleaved caspase-9, -3 in glutamate-treated HT22 cells. Therefore, our results provide ample evidence of the neuroprotective properties of 4,6'-anhydrooxysporidinone.