https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jsh-23.html Especially in more sophisticated cases extensive knowledge of drug interactions supports optimisation of therapy and results in improved patient safety.PURPOSE The pathology of the facial nerve is extremely varied and extensive knowledge of the surgical anatomy in different approaches is required to manage it. During the last 15 years, the development of endoscopic ear surgery has significantly changed anatomical concepts, introducing new surgical approaches. The aim of this review is to illustrate five different surgical approaches to the facial nerve the endoscopic approach, the middle cranial fossa approach, two translabyrinthine approaches (one simple and one endoscopic-assisted) with decompression of the whole petrous portion of the facial nerve, and a transotic approach with temporal craniotomy. METHODS Representative cases of middle and/or inner ear pathologies, surgically treated at our ENT Department, were selected to illustrate each of the five different approaches involving the facial nerve throughout its course. RESULTS In all cases, the pathology was removed with effective decompression of the facial nerve. The surgical anatomy in each surgical approach is described and illustrated. CONCLUSIONS Facial nerve surgery is challenging for ENT specialists. An excellent knowledge of facial nerve anatomy is needed to eradicate pathology, avoiding nerve injuries and providing a good outcome after surgery.PURPOSE Scar contracture commonly refers to decreased function in the scar area, whereas scar contraction refers to shortening of the scar length compared to the original wound. Wound scar remodeling occurs during months to years of wound healing to form a mature scar. Serial reports about patients who had undergone adenoidectomy are rare. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate some parameters of air way passage in patients who had undergone post adenoidectomy. METHODS Data of patients who have undergon