The use of Cannabis-based preparations for medicinal use has waxed and waned in the multi-millennial history of human co-existence with the plant and its cultivation. Recorded use of preparations from Cannabis is effectively as old as recorded history with examples from China, India and Ancient Egypt. Prohibition and restriction of availability allowed a number of alternatives to take the place of Cannabis preparations. However, there has been a worldwide resurgence in medicinal Cannabis advocacy from the public. Media interest has been piqued by particular evocative cases. Altogether, therefore, there is pressure on healthcare professionals to prescribe and dispense Cannabis-based preparations. This review enunciates some of the barriers which are slowing the wider adoption of medicinal Cannabis.Opioids are a group of analgesic agents commonly used in clinical practice. The three classical opioid receptors are MOP, DOP and KOP. The NOP (N/OFQ) receptor is considered to be a non-opioid branch of the opioid receptor family. Opioid receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors which cause cellular hyperpolarisation when bound to opioid agonists. Opioids may be classified according to their mode of synthesis into alkaloids, semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD6244.html  Opioid use disorder (OUD) is an emerging issue and important lessons can be learnt from the United States where opioid epidemic was declared as a national emergency in 2017.The gabapentinoids are often recommended as first-line treatments for the management of neuropathic pain. The differing pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles can have implications for clinical practice. This article has summarised these key differences. In addition to their use in managing neuropathic pain, gabapentinoids are increasingly being used for off-label conditions despite the lack of evidence. Prescription rates for off-label conditions have overtaken that for on-label use. Similarly, the use of gabapentinoids in the perioperative period is now embedded in clinical practice despite conflicting evidence. This article summarises the risks associated with this increasing use. There is increasing evidence of the potential to cause harm in vulnerable populations such as the elderly and increasing prevalence of abuse. The risk of respiratory depression in combination with opioids is of particular concern in the context of the current opioid crisis. This article describes the practical considerations involved that might help guide appropriate prescribing practices.Introduction Intravenous (IV) lidocaine infusions are increasingly used in the management of acute pain. They are particularly used in patients undergoing colorectal surgery, where they are also found to decrease rates of postoperative ileus. IV lidocaine has significant toxicity in overdose. There are no current national guidelines or standards on the provision of IV lidocaine infusions. We aimed to get a snapshot of current usage and usage practices in Scottish NHS Hospitals, to identify common themes and variations in practice. Methods A survey designed by the authors was emailed to 20 Scottish NHS Hospitals with an acute pain team. These were then followed up by telephone, if necessary. Results Of the 20 hospitals, 16 (80%) responded; 12 out of 16 (75%) of the responding hospitals either used IV lidocaine infusions for acute pain or were planning to use them in the near future. There was variability in practices regarding delivery device, prescriber grade, bolus dosing, length of infusion, location of infusion and use with other local anaesthetic (LA) infusions. Conclusions A majority of Scottish NHS Hospitals use IV lidocaine infusions in the management of acute pain. There are some variations in current practice; standardising practices may decrease the risk of LA toxicity. A national guideline is recommended.Background There is no first-line treatment available for phantom limb pain (PLP). For some years, there has been interest in the use of mirrors and other techniques based on visual feedback. Unfortunately, up until now, all published studies have had methodological weaknesses with two recent systematic reviews concluding that therapies of this kind need more evidence to support their use. Aim To evaluate the effects of a virtual reality (VR) activity on PLP. Methods This was a prospective pilot study of upper limb amputees using questionnaires to evaluate a VR system. Eleven participants were recruited, with nine completing all three sessions of VR. Participants undertook three sessions of VR, one a month for 3 months. Outcome measures were PLP pain intensity using an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS), number of PLP episodes and duration of the PLP episodes. All participants were also asked for their judgement of change. Open-ended questions captured the qualitative experience of all aspects of the VR experience. Results The mean PLP pain score following three VR sessions reduced (6.11 v 3.56) but this was not a statistical difference (t = 2.1, df = 8, p = 0.07). No statistical difference was found for the number of PLP episodes (Pearson chi-square = 3.43, df = 2, p = 0.18) or the duration of each PLP episode (Pearson chi-square = 22.50, df = 16, p = 0.13). Three groups emerged those whose pain reduced (the majority), those whose pain remained the same (small number) and one those whose pain increased slightly. Discussion There is insufficient evidence from these results to identify an effect of VR on PLP; however, this is a small group and qualitatively most were content with the treatment and wanted a longer trial.Introduction Many individuals with persistent pain experience difficulties with sexual function which are exacerbated by avoidance and anxiety. Due to embarrassment or shame, sexual activity may not be identified as a goal for pain management programmes (PMPs). In addition, clinicians can feel that they lack skills and confidence in addressing these issues. Methods We sought to develop a biopsychosocial model for helping patients return to sexual activity and manage relationships in the context of pain management, known as 'ReConnect'. The model amalgamates well-established methods from pain management and sex therapy to guide multidisciplinary team members. ReConnect comprises three components (1) 'cognitive and myth-busting', (2) 'sensations and feelings' and (3) 'action-experimentation'. We collected self-report data from 281 women and 92 men from our specialist PMP for chronic abdomino-pelvic. pain, including questions measuring interference with and avoidance of sex due to pain, and the Multi-dimensional Sexuality Questionnaire (MSQ) to measure anxiety about sexual activity.