https://www.selleckchem.com/products/stf-083010.html 0±450.6 mL. The mean length of hospital stay was 3.0±1.6 days. The learning curves of a dual attending surgeon strategy in this study were established at the 115th case (operative time) and 196th case (total blood loss) respectively (p<.001). In comparison of cases before and after the cut-off points, mean operative time reduced significantly from 147.2±36.5 minutes to 129.5±28.9 minutes and mean total blood loss reduced significantly from 1015.1±506.6 mL to 770.4±357.3 mL (p<.001). No allogenic blood transfusion was required and there were 7 perioperative complications (n=7/415, 1.7%) recorded. The learning curve of a dual surgeon strategy in single-staged PSF surgery based on operative time and total blood loss were established at 115th case and 196th case respectively (p<.001). The learning curve of a dual surgeon strategy in single-staged PSF surgery based on operative time and total blood loss were established at 115th case and 196th case respectively (p less then .001). Postoperative dysphagia and dysphonia (PDD) are prevalent complications after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Identification of risk factors for these complications is necessary for effective prevention. Recently, patient reported outcome measures (PROM) have been used to determine PDD after ACDF. The Hospital for Special Surgery Dysphagia and Dysphonia Inventory (HSS-DDI) is a validated PROM that specifically assesses dysphagia and dysphonia after anterior cervical spine surgery. To identify the perioperative risk factors for PDD utilizing the HSS-DDI. Observational study of prospectively collected data at a single academic institution. Patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion from 2015 to 2019 who enrolled in the prospective data collection. The HSS-DDI administered 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 4-6 months after surgery. As potential risk factors, the data on demographic factors, analgesic medications, history of