To investigate a cluster of corneoscleral rim cultures positive for Achromobacter species over a 6-month period at Massachusetts Eye and Ear.
 
  An increased rate of positive corneal donor rim cultures was noted at Massachusetts Eye and Ear between July and December 2017. Positive cultures were subjected to identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by phenotypic (MicroScan WalkAway) and genotypic (16S rDNA sequencing) methods. Samples of the eye wash solution (GeriCare) used in the eye bank were also evaluated. Antimicrobial activity of Optical-GS against Achromobacter spp. at 4°C and 37°C was assessed by time-kill kinetics assay.
 
  Of 99 donor rims cultured, 14 (14.1%) grew bacteria with 11 (78.6%) due to uncommon nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli. These had been identified by standard automated methods as Achromobacter (n = 3), Alcaligenes (n = 3), Ralstonia (n = 2), Pseudomonas (n = 2), and Stenotrophomonas (n = 1). Eight of these 11 isolates were subsequently available for molecular identage.
  Corneal neovascularization is the main risk factor for graft rejection after high-risk penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Corneal crosslinking (CXL) has been shown to regress pathological corneal blood and lymphatic vessels and to reduce the risk of graft rejection after high-risk PK experimentally in mice. The aim of this work was to analyze whether CXL is also able to regress corneal neovascularization in patients and is a safe procedure in the context of high-risk PK.
 
  This retrospective case series included 5 patients with progressive corneal neovascularization and the need for high-risk PK because of graft rejection and/or keratitis that received CXL and PK between April 2019 and January 2020. CXL was performed before or in combination with PK and the effect of CXL on corneal neovascularization was assessed morphometrically on slit-lamp images. Patients were followed up to determine the incidence of adverse effects and graft rejection.
 
  In 1 case, peripheral corneal CXL was performed first as a single procedure, followed by an additional peripheral CXL procedure combined with PK. In all other cases, peripheral CXL was directly combined with PK. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. Peripheral CXL resulted in a reduction of corneal neovascularization (mean reduction of 70.5% ± 22.7%). Revascularization was not observed. All transplants remained clear and without immune reactions (mean follow-up 16.4 ± 14.9 weeks, range 4-42 weeks).
 
  CXL is able to reduce pathological corneal neovascularization and might therefore be a novel treatment option to improve graft survival after high-risk PK.
 CXL is able to reduce pathological corneal neovascularization and might therefore be a novel treatment option to improve graft survival after high-risk PK.
  Over the last decade, vaping has emerged into an epidemic of alarming proportions among US teens. This review evaluates the factors leading to the rise of vaping, reasons for its striking popularity among US teens, health consequences of vaping, and measures to mitigate the vaping epidemic.
 
  Contemporary research highlights the continued rise of vaping amongst US teens and explains the reasons for its popularity, such as the variety of devices, a wide range of available flavors, youth-targeted advertisements, and lack of awareness of adverse consequences from vaping. This publication highlights current research findings of health consequences of vaping, including a discussion of EVALI (e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury) and provides an update on strategies to curtail the vaping epidemic.
 
  Vaping has risen to epidemic proportions amongst US teens. This poses a clear and present danger to teens' health with adverse effects ranging from acute lung injury to long-term addiction. This article summarizes key research findings that explain the reasons for the epidemic, health consequences of vaping, and provides an overview of efforts to mitigate the vaping threat to US teens.
 Vaping has risen to epidemic proportions amongst US teens. This poses a clear and present danger to teens' health with adverse effects ranging from acute lung injury to long-term addiction. This article summarizes key research findings that explain the reasons for the epidemic, health consequences of vaping, and provides an overview of efforts to mitigate the vaping threat to US teens.
  To discuss the new guidelines on the indications for intestinal transplantation (ITx) devised in 2019 by the Intestinal Rehabilitation and Transplant Association.
 
  Early referral of patients with intestinal failure to expert intestinal rehabilitation/transplant centre is strongly recommended. Listing for a life-saving transplantation is recommended for intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) evolving to liver failure, invasive intra-abdominal desmoids, acute diffuse intestinal infarction with hepatic failure, re-transplant, and children with loss of at least three of the four upper central venous access sites or with high morbidity intestinal failure. Developments in ITx made the probability of posttransplant survival equal to that on home parenteral nutrition (HPN) and the QoL after successful ITx better than on HPN. However, for patients who have not an actual increased risk of death on HPN, the matter of preemptive listing for ITx is still controversial.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/FK-506-(Tacrolimus).html  For these patients, a careful case-by-case decision is recommended.
 
  The new guidelines on ITx confirm the straight referral for ITx only for patients at actual risk of death on HPN. Improvements in ITx practice and results, advances in the severity classification of intestinal failure, monitoring of the evolution of IFALD, and measuring patients' QoL are required for an immediate progression in the treatment of intestinal failure.
 The new guidelines on ITx confirm the straight referral for ITx only for patients at actual risk of death on HPN. Improvements in ITx practice and results, advances in the severity classification of intestinal failure, monitoring of the evolution of IFALD, and measuring patients' QoL are required for an immediate progression in the treatment of intestinal failure.