Together, these impairments may lead to hippocampal dysfunction. Collectively, our data reveal a crucial role of APP family proteins in inhibitory interneurons to maintain functional network activity. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Polyploidy is a widespread phenomenon throughout eukaryotes. Due to the coexistence of duplicated genomes, polyploids offer unique challenges for estimating gene expression levels, which is essential for understanding the massive and various forms of transcriptomic responses accompanying polyploidy. Although previous studies have explored the bioinformatics of polyploid transcriptomic profiling, the causes and consequences of inaccurate quantification of transcripts from duplicated gene copies have not been addressed. Using transcriptomic data from the cotton genus (Gossypium) as an example, we present an analytical workflow to evaluate a variety of bioinformatic method choices at different stages of RNA-seq analysis, from homoeolog expression quantification to downstream analysis used to infer key phenomena of polyploid expression evolution. In general, EAGLE-RC and GSNAP-PolyCat outperform other quantification pipelines tested, and their derived expression dataset best represents the expected homoeolog expression and co-expression divergence. The performance of co-expression network analysis was less affected by homoeolog quantification than by network construction methods, where weighted networks outperformed binary networks. By examining the extent and consequences of homoeolog read ambiguity, we illuminate the potential artifacts that may affect our understanding of duplicate gene expression, including an overestimation of homoeolog co-regulation and the incorrect inference of subgenome asymmetry in network topology. Taken together, our work points to a set of reasonable practices that we hope are broadly applicable to the evolutionary exploration of polyploids. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.OBJECTIVES Chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH), a common state experienced in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), retards mandibular growth in adolescent rats. The aim of this study was to elucidate the differential effects of IH on mandibular growth in different growth stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-week-old (juvenile stage) and 7-week-old (adolescent stage) male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent IH for 3 weeks. Age-matched control rats were exposed to room air. Mandibular growth was evaluated by radiograph analysis, micro-computed tomography, real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistology. Tibial growth was evaluated as an index of systemic skeletal growth. RESULTS IH had no significant impact on the general growth of either the juvenile or adolescent rats. However, it significantly decreased the total mandibular length and the posterior corpus length of the mandible in the adolescent rats and the anterior corpus length in the juvenile rats. IH also increased bone mineral density (BMD) of the condylar head in adolescent rats but did not affect the BMD of the tibia. Immunohistological analysis showed that the expression level of receptor activation of nuclear factor-κB ligand significantly decreased (in contrast to its messenger ribonucleicacid level) in the condylar head of adolescent rats with IH, while the number of osteoprotegerin-positive cells was comparable in the mandibles of adolescent IH rats and control rats. LIMITATIONS The animal model could not simulate the pathological conditions of OSA completely and there were differences in bone growth between humans and rodents. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the susceptibility of mandibular growth retardation to IH depends on the growth stage of the rats. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.OBJECTIVES Assess the impact of summer heat exposure (June-September) on residential construction workers in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia by evaluating (i) heart rate (HR) responses, hydration status, and physical workload among workers in indoor and outdoor construction settings, (ii) factors related to physiological responses to work in hot conditions, and (iii) how well wet-bulb globe temperature-based occupational exposure limits (WBGTOELs) predict measures of heat strain. METHODS Twenty-three construction workers (plasterers, tilers, and laborers) contributed 260 person-days of monitoring. Workload energy expenditure, HR, fluid intake, and pre- and postshift urine specific gravity (USG) were measured. Indoor and outdoor heat exposures (WBGT) were measured continuously and a WBGTOEL was calculated. The effects of heat exposure and workload on heart rate reserve (HRR), a measure of cardiovascular strain, were examined with linear mixed models. A metric called 'heat stress exceedance' (HSE) was constructed to summf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society.BACKGROUND The use of thyroglobuin (Tg) and thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) for detecting disease recurrence is well validated following total-thyroidectomy and radioiodine. However, limited data is available for patients treated with thyroid lobectomy. METHODS Patients who had lobectomy for papillary thyroid cancer followed for >1 year, with sufficient data on Tg and TgAb, including subgroup analysis for Hashimoto's thyroiditis and contralateral nodules. RESULTS One-hundred sixty seven patients met the inclusion criteria.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/at13387.html  Average tumor size was 9.5±6mm. Following lobectomy, Tg was 12.1±14.8ng/ml. Of 52 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 38% had positive TgAb with titers of 438±528IU/mL, and in patients without TgAb the mean Tg level was 14.7±19.0ng/ml. In 34 patients with contralateral nodules ≥1cm, Tg was 15.3±17ng/ml. During the first two years of follow-up, Tg declined ≥1ng/ml in 42% of patients (by 5.1±3.7ng/ml), remained stable in 22%, and increased in 36% (by 4.9±5.7ng/ml). During a mean follow-up of 6.