[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between physical therapy clinical educators' motivations and negative personal factors. [Participants and Methods] The authors sent a questionnaire on clinical education to 790 physical therapists working in hospitals across Japan, and received 345 valid responses. The study defined motivated and unmotivated clinical educators based on their answers to the "interests" and "enjoyment" aspects of clinical education. It also calculated the negative response rate out of 10 questions and odds ratio based on motivated clinical educators. [Results] The motivated group comprised 287 clinical educators (years of clinical experience 8.1 ± 6.3) and the unmotivated group 58 (years of clinical experience 7.0 ± 5.2). There was no statistically significant difference in years of clinical experience between the two groups. Two questions-"Is student guidance necessary for growth as a therapist (self-improvement)?" and "Do you want to learn about instructional methods?"-showed very high odds ratios. [Conclusion] This study reveals negative personal factors for the clinical educators who lack the will to educate students, such as preparation for clinical education, self-improvement, and cooperation with class instructors. Longitudinal research on motivated and unmotivated clinical educators will help identify these negative factors to improve their motivation.[Purpose] Voluntary cough can be assessed by recording flow waves. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of the measurements of respiratory flow waveforms, using equipment that recorded flow waves during cough. [Participants and Methods] Twenty healthy participants were recruited for this study. They underwent spirometry on them and, subsequently, their flow waves during single and consecutive voluntary cough tasks in the sitting position were recorded.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/propionyl-l-carnitine-hydrochloride.html  The intra-class correlation coefficient was used to assess the intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities for the voluntary cough data. [Results] The intra-class correlation coefficients were 0.6 to 0.8 for 'intra-rater reliability' and higher than 0.9 for 'inter-rater reliability', for single and consecutive cough tasks. The first assessment of cough peak flow was significantly higher than the second, during consecutive cough tasks. Similarly, the first assessment of cough volume acceleration was significantly higher than the second. [Conclusion] Our results demonstrated high intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities for single and consecutive cough tasks. Following additional procedures and valuations, including the storage of data and standard range decisions, this method of cough assessment will be applied to patients with reduced cough function.[Purpose] Our study aimed to verify the reliability and validity of the translated Mongolian version of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI). [Participants and Methods] We obtained the basic information of patients and their caregivers when they were hospitalized (Study 1). Subsequently, after the hospital discharged the patients, the caregivers answered the ZBI by telephone during the 4th and 5th weeks (Studies 2 and 3, respectively). To evaluate reliability, we calculated the correlation coefficient, compared the total scores of the ZBI obtained in Studies 2 and 3, and calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficient. To evaluate validity, we calculated the correlation coefficient of the score of item 22 and the sum of the scores of items 1-21. [Results] The correlation coefficient for reliability was high, and the difference between the two studies was insignificant. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.92. The correlation coefficient was high for validity as well. [Conclusion] The Mongolian version of the ZBI has high reliability and validity.[Purpose] Previous studies have demonstrated a link between core body temperature and interleukin-6 production. Recent studies have reported that 20 minutes of head-out immersion in hot water (42°C) increased serum interleukin-6 levels in young males. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of head-out immersion in hot water (42°C) on serum interleukin-6 levels in seven elderly (66-75 years old) and eight young males (21-32 years old). [Participants and Methods] Venous blood samples were drawn at rest, immediately after head-out immersion in hot water (42°C), after 1 hour, and after 2 hours. Levels of serum interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; blood cell counts; and core temperature were measured. [Results] It was found that 20 minutes of head-out immersion in hot water (42°C) increased the core temperature in both the elderly and young participants; however, the rise in core temperature was more attenuated in elderly participants. Serum interleukin-6 levels were significantly higher in young participants 1 hour after the head-out immersion in hot water (42°C); however, serum interleukin-6 levels did not change in elderly participants. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels remained constant throughout the study the elderly and young participants. [Conclusion] The current study demonstrated that head-out immersion in hot water (42°C) more attenuated core temperature and interleukin-6 levels in elderly participants than in young participants. We assert that these differences are likely to be related to age-related changes in core temperature regulation and muscle fibers.[Purpose] Cervical vertigo as a common complaint is associated with some musculoskeletal disorders. However, to date, ultrasonographical parameters of cervical muscles in patients with cervical vertigo have not been investigated. This study was conducted to investigate size of cervical muscles in patients with cervical vertigo compared to healthy controls. [Participants and Methods] Thicknesses of cervical flexor and extensor muscles were evaluated through ultrasonography and results were compared between the patients and healthy controls by Independent Samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test. [Results] Results showed that, thickness of Longus Colli muscle was significantly different between the patients and healthy controls. [Conclusion] According to findings of the study, size of Longus Colli muscle is likely to be associated with etiology of cervical vertigo.