Threat expectancies were associated with significantly increased risk for past-month suicide-related behavior. Results suggest that threat expectancies in particular, and anticipatory anxiety more generally, may be biobehavioral processes associated with the correlation of firearm ownership and increased suicide risk.
  Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) plays an important role in neurodevelopmental processes and regulates hippocampal plasticity. This study investigated the relationship between the serum NCAM concentrations and hippocampal volume and psychotic symptoms in first-episode drug naïve schizophrenia (FES) patients.
 
  Forty-four FES patients and forty-four healthy controls (HC) were recruited in this study. Serum concentrations of NCAM were measured by ELISA. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed by the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). Brain structural images were obtained using a 3T MRI Scanner and obtained T1 images were processed in order to determine hippocampal grey matter volumes.
 
  Schizophrenia patients revealed significantly decreased serum NCAM concentrations (p=0.017), which were positively correlated with the left (r=0.523, p<0.001) and right (r=0.449, p=0.041) hippocampal volumes, but negatively correlated with the PANSS positive symptom scores (r=-0.522 p=0.001). However, no such correlations existed in the HC group.
 
  This is the first time to report that decreased serum NCAM concentrations were associated with hippocampal volumes and symptom severity in FES patients. Our data indicate that the low NCAM is possible neuropathology that is associated with the decreased hippocampus in FES patients.
 This is the first time to report that decreased serum NCAM concentrations were associated with hippocampal volumes and symptom severity in FES patients. Our data indicate that the low NCAM is possible neuropathology that is associated with the decreased hippocampus in FES patients.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been investigated in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (SZ). Previous studies showed miRNAs dysregulation in postmortem brain tissues and peripheral blood of SZ patients. These suggest that miRNAs may play a role in the pathophysiology of SZ and be a potential biomarker of SZ.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Decitabine.html  Previous studies also showed that miRNAs regulated neurogenesis and that neurogenesis was involved in the pathophysiology of SZ. In addition, a recent study showed that miR-19a and 19b, enriched in neural progenitor cells (NPC) in adult hippocampus, were increased in human NPC derived from induced pluripotent stem cell derived from SZ patients. However, it remains unclear whether the levels of miR-19a and 19b are altered in peripheral blood of SZ patients and how miR-19a and 19b affects neurogenesis. To elucidate them, first we examined the levels of miR-19a and 19b in peripheral blood of SZ patients with quantitative RT-PCR and showed that the level of miR-19b, but not miR-19a, was significantly higher (miR-19a p = 0.5733, miR-19b p = 0.0038) in peripheral blood of SZ patients (N = 22) than that of healthy controls (N = 19). Next, we examined the involvement of miR-19b in proliferation and survival of mouse neonatal mice hippocampus-derived NPC with BrdU assay and TUNEL assay. The silencing of miR-19b significantly increased proliferation (N = 5, p = 0.0139), but not survival (N = 5, p = 0.9571), of neonatal mice hippocampus-derived NPC. These results suggest that the level of miR-19b in peripheral blood is a potential biomarker of schizophrenia and that the higher level of miR-19b may increase the vulnerability of SZ via attenuating proliferation of hippocampal NPC.
  To evaluate the clinical and structural impact of smoking on knee and hip osteoarthritis at baseline and after 3years.
 
  Observational data on the progressive effects of smoking at baseline and after 3years were collected from The Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis Long-Term Assessment cohort comprising a French population of patients aged 40-75years with symptomatic lower limb osteoarthritis. Clinical (the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index and Harris scores) and structural (radiography for osteophyte detection and joint-space narrowing assessment) were conducted. The tobacco usage categories were 'never smoker', 'former smoker', and 'current smoker'.
 
  Of the 873 subjects included, 215 (25%) were former smokers and 119 (14%) were current smokers. Multivariate analyses revealed that former and current smokers had fewer knee osteophytes in the medial compartment at baseline (odds ratio [OR]=0.64 [0.41-0.99] and 0.63 [0.36-1.11], respectively), lower osteophyte development in the lateral condyle after 3years (OR=011 [0.03-0.45] and 0.15 [0.03-0.97]), and lower osteophyte development in the lateral tibial plateau after 3years (OR=0.22 [0.06-0.75] and 0.68 [0.14-3.35]). Higher tobacco consumption and longer duration of consumption were significantly associated with fewer knee osteophytes at baseline and lower osteophyte development at 3years.
 
  Although cigarette smoking did not influence knee function, pain, or the need for replacement surgery, current and former smokers developed fewer osteophytes. This relationship may be linked to the quantity and duration of consumption. Our results provide further insight into the smoking-related pathophysiology of osteoarthritis.
 Although cigarette smoking did not influence knee function, pain, or the need for replacement surgery, current and former smokers developed fewer osteophytes. This relationship may be linked to the quantity and duration of consumption. Our results provide further insight into the smoking-related pathophysiology of osteoarthritis.
  The prevalence of gout is increasing but studies of its clinical features in large samples are lacking. This study aimed to clarify changes in the clinical manifestations of gout in China over the last decade and investigate the clinical features and risk factors of early-onset gout.
 
  Clinical manifestations were compared between 9754 gout patients who first presented at our clinic with gout in 2008-2012 (earlier group) or 2013-2018 (later group). Gout onset≤30 years old was defined as early-onset and>30 years as late-onset. Clinical features and risk factors were compared between the groups.
 
  The gout-onset age was 4.14 years younger and the percentage of early-onset gout (3827 patients) was higher in the later 2013-2018 group (5979 patients). The disease duration was significantly shorter (5.72±0.09 vs. 6.01±0.11 years P < 0,05) and the ratio of patients with tophi was correspondingly lower in the later group (22.0% vs. 20.0%, P < 0,05). More patients were obese (32.6% vs. 37.7%, P<0.001) and serum urate levels (465.