https://www.selleckchem.com/products/p5091-p005091.html le way with increasing age. ARC on lumbar MRI can be assessed to predict an "expected age" for the subject.Level of Evidence 2. A prospective randomized trial at a university affiliated tertiary medical center between February 2017 and March 2020. Compare perioperative blood loss in patients undergoing elective posterior thoracolumbar fusion who were treated with IV versus PO TXA. The use of antifibrinolytic agents such as tranexamic acid (TXA) to decrease operative blood loss and allogenic blood transfusions is well documented in the literature. While evidence supports the use of intravenous (IV) and topical formulations of TXA in spine surgery, the use of oral (PO) TXA has not been studied. 261 patients undergoing thoracolumbar fusion were randomized to receive 1.95 g of PO TXA 2 hours preoperatively or 2 g IV TXA (1 g before incision and 1 g before wound closure) intraoperatively. The sample was further stratified into 3 categories based on number of levels fused (1-2 level fusions, 3-5, and >5). The primary outcome was the reduction of hemoglobin. Secondary outcomes included calculated blood loss, drain output, postopers lower cost, PO TXA represents a superior alternative to IV TXA in patients undergoing elective posterior thoracolumbar fusion and may improve healthcare cost-efficiency in the studied population.Level of Evidence 1. Patients treated with IV and PO TXA experienced the same perioperative blood loss after small and large spinal fusions. In subgroup analysis, the intermediate (3-5 level) spinal fusions had less blood loss with PO TXA than IV TXA. Given its lower cost, PO TXA represents a superior alternative to IV TXA in patients undergoing elective posterior thoracolumbar fusion and may improve healthcare cost-efficiency in the studied population.Level of Evidence 1. To compare the pathogen identification rate and use of antibiotics before and after the implementation of multiplex polymerase c