https://www.selleckchem.com/products/17-AAG(Geldanamycin).html In conclusion, good bone health was documented in cultured C. lumpus, however, cultured L. bergylta suffered poor bone health. How this affects survival, growth, swimming abilities and welfare in cultured wrasse should be further investigated. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Blood sampling via the caudal vasculature is a widely used tool in fish biology for investigating organismal health and physiology. In live fishes, it can provide a quick, easy and relatively non-invasive method for obtaining a blood sample (c.f. cannulation & cardiac puncture). Here, we provide a general set of recommendations for optimizing the blood sampling protocol that reflects best practices in animal welfare and sample integrity. This includes selecting appropriate use of anesthetics for blood sampling as well as restraint techniques for situations where sedation is not used. Additionally, we discuss ideal sampling environments where the fish can freely ventilate and strategies for minimizing handling time. We summarize the techniques used for extracting blood from the caudal vasculature in live fishes, highlighting the phlebotomy itself, the timing of sampling events and acceptable blood sample volumes. We further discuss considerations for selecting appropriate physiological metrics when sampling in the caudal region and the potential benefits that this technique provides with respect to long-term biological assessments. While we provide general guidelines for blood sampling here, it should be recognized that contextual considerations (e.g. taxonomic diversity, legal matters, environmental constraints) may influence the approach to blood sampling. Overall, we conclude that when done properly, blood sampling live fishes through the caudal vasculature is quick, efficient and minimally invasive thus promoting conditions where live release